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Bio 124 > Bio 123: PP13 Material > Flashcards

Bio 123: PP13 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

What falls under the ecdysozoa?

A

The Nematoda and the Arthropoda

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2
Q

Why Ecdysozoa?

A

Ecdysis is the process of casting off the outer cuticle; used to accommodate growth (also known as molting)

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3
Q

What are some characteristics of Nematoda?

A

-Includes 25,000 species of roundworms
-Can live in aquatic habitations, soil, tissue of plants and animals
-Most are microscopic
-Gas exchange is done through diffusion
-Their body is covered in a cuticle, which molts to enlarge the body and creates a new cuticle
-Have a complete digestive system
-Do not have a circulatory
-They have a pseudocoelom (meaning it is derived from both the ****)
-Most reproduce sexually
-Many are parasitic

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4
Q

Trichinella Spiralis

A

A species that lives in the muscle of their host. They imbed themsevles in the muscles of humans and cause cause strokes, uncontrolled muscle movements and pain.

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5
Q

Caenorhabditis Elegans

A

-It is a model species that is used to understand something greater.
-Their organization and structures of genomes are studied
-They are endemic to tropical weather.

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6
Q

What are the subphylum of arthropoda?

A

-Myriapoda
-Chelicerata
-Crustacea
-Hexapoda

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7
Q

What makes an arthropod?

A

Their coelom is a lot smaller. Their movement is very diverse.

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8
Q

What are Spiracles?

A

They are openings on each segments of the body which leads to an individual tracheae and those tracheae are involved in gas exchange.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Arthropods?

A

-They have a complete gut
-We see a reversal in their coelom (have a reduced coelom)
-Have an open circulatory system
-More than 1million species including crustaceans, insects, and myriapods

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10
Q

What are the major characteristics of Arthropods?

A

-They have a hardened exoskeleton (chitin)
-Joint appendages
-Specialized segments
-Have spiracles and tracheas as respiratory structures
-Have specialized sensory structures
-Specialized developmental stages (metamorphosis)
-Head, thorax, abdomen
-Malpighian tubules in some (excretion)

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11
Q

Cephalization of arthropods

A

They have high levels of cephalization

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12
Q

What are the 4 specialized developmental stages?

A

Egg, larva, pupal, and adult

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13
Q

Excretion in arthropods

A

They have 3 major body regions and structures that are involved in getting rid of waste.

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14
Q

Cephalothorax

A

When the head and thorax are directly fused together.

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15
Q

What is the general Body plan of an Arthropod?

A

-They have an antennae which is a sensory receptor
-They have swimming appendages
-Have walking legs
-Have mouthparts
-Have pincers (for defense)
- Have a head
-Have a thorax
-Might have a cephalothorax
-Has an abdomen

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Myriapoda?

A
  • It includes more than 10,000 species
    -Name means “many footed”
    -They have paired appendages on almost all segments (this allows for movement)
    -Respiration occurs through tracheae
    -Excretion occurs through Malpighian tubules
    -Same have repugnatorial glands on the side of their body.
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17
Q

What are the two classes of of Myriapoda?

A

The Centipedes (chilopoda) and the millipedes (diplopoda)

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18
Q

What is the difference between a millipede and a centipede?

A

A centipede has 1 pair of legs per appendage while a millipede has 2 pairs of legs were appendage.

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19
Q

What is a characteristic of centipedes?

A

They are venomous and have aposematic coloration

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20
Q

What is a characteristic of millipedes?

A

They are harmless

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the repugnatorial glands?

A

They emit a foul odor that acts as a way to warn off predators.

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22
Q

What are the 3 major classes in Chelicerata?

A

-The Pycnogonida
-The merostomata
-The Arachnida

23
Q

What are some characteristics of the Pycnogonida?

A

-They are known as sea spiders and live in marine habitat.
-They are often brightly colored

24
Q

What are some characteristics of the Merostomata?

A

-They are commonly known as the horseshoe crab
-They have a hard shell for protection
-They have legs that help push food towards their mouth
-They use a series of gill like structures for gas exchange (book gills)
-They have a tail to help them flip over if needed

25
Q

What is the tail of a Merostomata called?

A

A telson

26
Q

What are some characteristics of araneae?

A

-Known as the spiders
-Over 40,000 known species
-Have chelicerae (front appendages) which have terminal fangs
-Have venom glands
-Have a pair of leglike pedipals
-Have 4 pairs of walking legs that end in claws
-Have important ecological roles

27
Q

What is the purpose of spiders leglike pedipalps?

A

1) Used as a sensory function
2) Used to transfer sperm

28
Q

What are the 3 classes of Arachnida?

A

Araneae
Scorpiones
Opiliones

29
Q

What is an ecological role that spiders have?

A

They help in keeping control of insect population because they prey on a variety of insects.

30
Q

Terminal Fangs

A

Used for biting, chewing, and for defense. They are connected to venom glands in the body.

31
Q

Hemotoxic

A

Attacks living tissue that is bathed by blood and can lead to necrosis

32
Q

Neurotoxic

A

Venom that targets the NC and heart

33
Q

Terminate Claws

A

Allows spiders to adhere to surfaces

34
Q

What are some characteristisc of scorpiones?

A

-Their venom is attached to a stinger/pincher
-The smaller the stinger the more potent their venom is and vice versa.

35
Q

What are some characteristics of Opiliones?

A

-Known as daddy long legs
-Are omnivorous
-Includes up to 5000 species
-They eat decomposing vegetation and animal matter
-Are not venomous
-Have noxious secretions for defense
-Have a penis for sperm transfer

36
Q

Noxious secretion

A

Can be emitted through their skin for defense

37
Q

What are some characteristics of Acari?

A

-It includes the ticks and mites
-Most are parasitic
-Most are pathogenic
-Includes 500,000+ species and realistically more than 1 million species exist
-They are very successful and live in all habitats

38
Q

What are some characteristics of Crustaceans?

A

-They live mainly in marine habitats and have few freshwater and terrestrial species
-They have two pairs of antennae towards the anterior
-They have an anterior maxillae which can manipulate prey towards the mandibles for feeding
-Some body segments may bear appendages
-They have respiration through structures similar to gills
-They have a cephalothorax
-The have a carapace

39
Q

What is a Cephalothorax?

A

When one more thoracic segments are fused with the head

40
Q

What is the carapace?

A

It is a hardened shell for protection found in the dorsal and covers the cephalothorax

41
Q

What is the largest class of crustaceans?

A

The malacostraca; which includes the lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sow bugs, and others

They also have obvious ecological and economic importance (need to avoid over harvesting)

42
Q

What is the general body plan of a crustacean?

A

-Cephalothorax has 13 segments
-Abdomen has 6 segments
-Carapace
-Antennule
-Antenna
-Mandible
-Maxillae
-Macilipeds
Walking legs
-Telson
-Uropod
-Swimmerets

43
Q

What class falls under the sub phylum Hexapoda?

A

The insecta

44
Q

What are some characteristics of Insecta?

A

-Most diverse and abundant group of arthropods
-30 million species +
-Insects have 6 legs
-Have an ectognathous mouthpart (outside pouch)
-Usually has 2 pairs of wings on the thoracic region
-Sized from 1mm to 20cm
-Have a reduced coelom

45
Q

What is the study of insects?

A

Entomology

46
Q

-gnath

A

having to do with feeding or jawparts

47
Q

What is the ectognathus mouthparts?

A

When the chewing parts of the organism are on the outside

48
Q

What are some characteristics regarding the circulatory system of insecta?

A

They have a primarily open circulatory system where the lymph bathes the internal organs directly and delivers oxygen

49
Q

What are some characteristics regarding the digestive system of insecta?

A

They have a complete digestive tract which is proventriculus and contains a tooth like denticles that grind and pulverize food particles. They also have a gastric ceca.

50
Q

What are some characteristics regarding the nervous system of insecta?

A

The brain and ventral ganglion are by a nerve cord that is similar to the function of a spinal column.

51
Q

Why have arthropods been so successful?

A

-They have an efficient relationship with angiosperms
-They have a versatile exoskeleton (meaning they have tough body structures)
-They have efficient locomotion
-Air is piped directly to cells through tracheae and spiracles
-They have highly developed sensory organs
-They have complex behavioral patterns
-The limit competition through metamorphosis

52
Q

What is the lymph in insecta?

A

It is the fluid that surrounds their internal organs similar to blood in humans. It is also how they get their oxygen.

53
Q

Proventriculus

A

Tooth like denticles that grind and pulverize food particles (apart of the digestion system)

Bio 124 (22 decks)

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