Bio 123: PP13 Material Flashcards
What falls under the ecdysozoa?
The Nematoda and the Arthropoda
Why Ecdysozoa?
Ecdysis is the process of casting off the outer cuticle; used to accommodate growth (also known as molting)
What are some characteristics of Nematoda?
-Includes 25,000 species of roundworms
-Can live in aquatic habitations, soil, tissue of plants and animals
-Most are microscopic
-Gas exchange is done through diffusion
-Their body is covered in a cuticle, which molts to enlarge the body and creates a new cuticle
-Have a complete digestive system
-Do not have a circulatory
-They have a pseudocoelom (meaning it is derived from both the ****)
-Most reproduce sexually
-Many are parasitic
Trichinella Spiralis
A species that lives in the muscle of their host. They imbed themsevles in the muscles of humans and cause cause strokes, uncontrolled muscle movements and pain.
Caenorhabditis Elegans
-It is a model species that is used to understand something greater.
-Their organization and structures of genomes are studied
-They are endemic to tropical weather.
What are the subphylum of arthropoda?
-Myriapoda
-Chelicerata
-Crustacea
-Hexapoda
What makes an arthropod?
Their coelom is a lot smaller. Their movement is very diverse.
What are Spiracles?
They are openings on each segments of the body which leads to an individual tracheae and those tracheae are involved in gas exchange.
What are the characteristics of Arthropods?
-They have a complete gut
-We see a reversal in their coelom (have a reduced coelom)
-Have an open circulatory system
-More than 1million species including crustaceans, insects, and myriapods
What are the major characteristics of Arthropods?
-They have a hardened exoskeleton (chitin)
-Joint appendages
-Specialized segments
-Have spiracles and tracheas as respiratory structures
-Have specialized sensory structures
-Specialized developmental stages (metamorphosis)
-Head, thorax, abdomen
-Malpighian tubules in some (excretion)
Cephalization of arthropods
They have high levels of cephalization
What are the 4 specialized developmental stages?
Egg, larva, pupal, and adult
Excretion in arthropods
They have 3 major body regions and structures that are involved in getting rid of waste.
Cephalothorax
When the head and thorax are directly fused together.
What is the general Body plan of an Arthropod?
-They have an antennae which is a sensory receptor
-They have swimming appendages
-Have walking legs
-Have mouthparts
-Have pincers (for defense)
- Have a head
-Have a thorax
-Might have a cephalothorax
-Has an abdomen
What are the characteristics of Myriapoda?
- It includes more than 10,000 species
-Name means “many footed”
-They have paired appendages on almost all segments (this allows for movement)
-Respiration occurs through tracheae
-Excretion occurs through Malpighian tubules
-Same have repugnatorial glands on the side of their body.
What are the two classes of of Myriapoda?
The Centipedes (chilopoda) and the millipedes (diplopoda)
What is the difference between a millipede and a centipede?
A centipede has 1 pair of legs per appendage while a millipede has 2 pairs of legs were appendage.
What is a characteristic of centipedes?
They are venomous and have aposematic coloration
What is a characteristic of millipedes?
They are harmless
What is the purpose of the repugnatorial glands?
They emit a foul odor that acts as a way to warn off predators.
What are the 3 major classes in Chelicerata?
-The Pycnogonida
-The merostomata
-The Arachnida
What are some characteristics of the Pycnogonida?
-They are known as sea spiders and live in marine habitat.
-They are often brightly colored
What are some characteristics of the Merostomata?
-They are commonly known as the horseshoe crab
-They have a hard shell for protection
-They have legs that help push food towards their mouth
-They use a series of gill like structures for gas exchange (book gills)
-They have a tail to help them flip over if needed
What is the tail of a Merostomata called?
A telson
What are some characteristics of araneae?
-Known as the spiders
-Over 40,000 known species
-Have chelicerae (front appendages) which have terminal fangs
-Have venom glands
-Have a pair of leglike pedipals
-Have 4 pairs of walking legs that end in claws
-Have important ecological roles
What is the purpose of spiders leglike pedipalps?
1) Used as a sensory function
2) Used to transfer sperm
What are the 3 classes of Arachnida?
Araneae
Scorpiones
Opiliones
What is an ecological role that spiders have?
They help in keeping control of insect population because they prey on a variety of insects.
Terminal Fangs
Used for biting, chewing, and for defense. They are connected to venom glands in the body.
Hemotoxic
Attacks living tissue that is bathed by blood and can lead to necrosis
Neurotoxic
Venom that targets the NC and heart
Terminate Claws
Allows spiders to adhere to surfaces
What are some characteristisc of scorpiones?
-Their venom is attached to a stinger/pincher
-The smaller the stinger the more potent their venom is and vice versa.
What are some characteristics of Opiliones?
-Known as daddy long legs
-Are omnivorous
-Includes up to 5000 species
-They eat decomposing vegetation and animal matter
-Are not venomous
-Have noxious secretions for defense
-Have a penis for sperm transfer
Noxious secretion
Can be emitted through their skin for defense
What are some characteristics of Acari?
-It includes the ticks and mites
-Most are parasitic
-Most are pathogenic
-Includes 500,000+ species and realistically more than 1 million species exist
-They are very successful and live in all habitats
What are some characteristics of Crustaceans?
-They live mainly in marine habitats and have few freshwater and terrestrial species
-They have two pairs of antennae towards the anterior
-They have an anterior maxillae which can manipulate prey towards the mandibles for feeding
-Some body segments may bear appendages
-They have respiration through structures similar to gills
-They have a cephalothorax
-The have a carapace
What is a Cephalothorax?
When one more thoracic segments are fused with the head
What is the carapace?
It is a hardened shell for protection found in the dorsal and covers the cephalothorax
What is the largest class of crustaceans?
The malacostraca; which includes the lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sow bugs, and others
They also have obvious ecological and economic importance (need to avoid over harvesting)
What is the general body plan of a crustacean?
-Cephalothorax has 13 segments
-Abdomen has 6 segments
-Carapace
-Antennule
-Antenna
-Mandible
-Maxillae
-Macilipeds
Walking legs
-Telson
-Uropod
-Swimmerets
What class falls under the sub phylum Hexapoda?
The insecta
What are some characteristics of Insecta?
-Most diverse and abundant group of arthropods
-30 million species +
-Insects have 6 legs
-Have an ectognathous mouthpart (outside pouch)
-Usually has 2 pairs of wings on the thoracic region
-Sized from 1mm to 20cm
-Have a reduced coelom
What is the study of insects?
Entomology
-gnath
having to do with feeding or jawparts
What is the ectognathus mouthparts?
When the chewing parts of the organism are on the outside
What are some characteristics regarding the circulatory system of insecta?
They have a primarily open circulatory system where the lymph bathes the internal organs directly and delivers oxygen
What are some characteristics regarding the digestive system of insecta?
They have a complete digestive tract which is proventriculus and contains a tooth like denticles that grind and pulverize food particles. They also have a gastric ceca.
What are some characteristics regarding the nervous system of insecta?
The brain and ventral ganglion are by a nerve cord that is similar to the function of a spinal column.
Why have arthropods been so successful?
-They have an efficient relationship with angiosperms
-They have a versatile exoskeleton (meaning they have tough body structures)
-They have efficient locomotion
-Air is piped directly to cells through tracheae and spiracles
-They have highly developed sensory organs
-They have complex behavioral patterns
-The limit competition through metamorphosis
What is the lymph in insecta?
It is the fluid that surrounds their internal organs similar to blood in humans. It is also how they get their oxygen.
Proventriculus
Tooth like denticles that grind and pulverize food particles (apart of the digestion system)
