Bio 123: PP7 Material Flashcards
What are the groups of the Kingdom Protista?
1) Excavata
2)Chromalveolata
3) Rhizaria
4) Archaeplastida
5) Amoebozoans
What falls under the the Excavata group?
1)Diplomonads
2)Parabasalids
3)Euglenozoans
What falls under the Chromalveolata group?
The first major branch is: Alveolates
-Ciliates
-Dinoflagellates
-Apicomplexans
The second major branch is: Stramenophiles
What are the characteristics of the Excavata group?
They are the most ancients protists.
It includes the diplomonads, parabasalids, and the euglenozoans.
What are the the similarities between diplomonads and parabasalids?
- They are heterotrophs
-They have and move through the use of flagella - They have a pellicle
-They are unicellular
-Most are parasitic
Pellicle
A hard shell that protects their body
Diplomonads
-Are more ancient in time than parabasalids
-have a modified mitochondria known as mitosomes (meaning it can only complete anaerobic metabolism)
-Have multiple flagella to help with movement.
-Are heterotrophs
-Have a pellicle
-Most are parasitic
-Have 2 equal sized nuclei
What is an example of a diplomonad?
G. lamblia - (Causes gerardia in animals)
What is the purpose of the mitochondria?
It is the powerhouse of the cell and its main purpose is to produce ATP
What are the characteristics of parabasalids?
-Are heterotrophs
-They have and move through the use of flagella
- They have a pellicle
-They are unicellular
-Most are parasitic
-Have a reduced mitochondria known at hydrogenosomes
-Have anaerobic metabolism
*Not all sexual diseases are viral or bacterial
What is an example of a parabasalid?
Trichomonas vaginalis- STD in animals
What are the characteristics of Euglenozoans?
-They are unicellular
- First organisms where we begin to see the development of sensory organs
-Are all aquatic (found in freshwater lakes and ponds)
-Have a contractile vacuole
-Have an eyespot
-Half are heterotrophs and half are autotrophs
-Are much more advanced than earlier excavata (diplomonads and parabasalids)
Contractile vacuole
regulates water in and out of the cell
Eye spot
Detects changes in light and helps them find their food
What is the cell structure of euglenozoans?
They have:
-mitochondria
-chloroplast
-golgi body
-ER
-nucleus
-contractive vacuole
-eyespot
- 1 long, thin, flagellum
-Pellicle
What is the purpose of chloroplast?
Allows cell to photosynthesize
What is the purpose of the mitocondria?
To produce more ATP (energy to carry out basic cell functions)
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
To manufacture protein and send different things throughout the body.
What is the first branch of Chromalveolata?
Alveolates: All have tiny membrane bound sacs (alveoli) under their outmost membranes to help stabilize the cell surface.
What are the characteristics of ciliates?
- Are found in freshwater, saltwater, or soil
-Have cilia to to help with motility
-Prey on bacteria and algae
-Need moisture
-Have an anal pore to get rid of metabolic waste
-Have an oral groove
-Has 2 nuclei
Motility
The ability of an organism to move around independently using metabolic energy
Explain the nuclei in ciliates
Ciliates have 2 nuclei, a micronucleus and a macronucleus.
Micronucleus: contains the hereditary material that is passed down to offspring and that it (no genes are transcribed)
Macronucleus: does all daily activities of a cell such as synthesizing protein, allowing for growth,
What are the characteristics of the Dinoflagellates?
- Are key producers in freshwater and marine habitats
-Eat bacteria or algae
-Some are parasitic
-Some are bioluminescent
-Has cellulose plates that are analogous and provide protection
-Has 2 flagella which causes it to move in a rotating spherical motion
-Some populations can get out of control in the right conditions and cause an algal bloom
What are some characteristics of Bioluminescence?
It is the product of symbiotic bacteria that live within organisms. It can help conspecifics find one another and it can defer predators.
What is an algal bloom?
When there is too much runoff high in nitrogen and phosphorus.
The overgrowth of algae consumes oxygen causing the water to become hypoxic and blocks sunlight for underwater plants.
It can clog the gill of fish causing them to die.
It can produce brevotoxins as part of their metabolism (which can aerosolize)
It kills tons of marine life such as birds, fish, sea turtles, dolphins.
Most commonly known as red tide which is both natural product and driven by human action.
Brevotoxins
Are produced ASG byproduct of Dinoflagellates and can spread into the air causing harm to humans and irritates the respitory lining.
What are the characteristics of Apicomplexans?
-Most are parasitic
-Are unicellular
-Have a micro tubular device that can attach to and penetrate a host cell
What is an example of apicomplexans?
Plasmodium and malaria
What is the second branch of chromalveolata?
Stramenopiles
What are the characteristics of stramenopiles
- They are flagellates with hair-like projections
-most are photosynthetic
-They are very important global producers
-Are very diverse and have most of the evolutionary older algae in this group: golden algae, yellow-green algae, brown algae, and diatoms
-They look like plants but are not genetically plant enough
-Giant kelps are in this category
What are some importances of Giant Kelp?
-They are the largest protists body wise
ecological: protects marine/aquatic life and is a vital breeding ground for aquatic life.
economic: breeding grounds for fish are protected which boosts commercial fishing yields.
Why is it ecologically important to preserve protists like Giant Kelp?
Because it help keeps sea life and sea food stable which is important for organisms that depend on marine food as their main source of food.
What is the third group of protists?
The Rhizaria
What falls under the Rhizaria Group?
-Cercozoa
-Radiolarians
-Foraminifera
What is the fourth group of protists?
The Archaeplastida
What falls under the group Archaeplastida?
- Rhodophyta
-Chlorophyta - Charophyta
What is the fifth group of protists?
The Amoebozoans
What are some characteristics of cercozoa?
-Some types of amoebae fall under this group.
-They mimic ancient protists
-Is a unicellular organism
-Has cytoplasm
-Has contractile vacuole
-Has a cell membrane
-Has a pseudopod
Food Vacuoles
They store and digest the food
What is a pseudopod?
Allows the cytoplasm to extend out in one particular direction and allow the cell to slide around.
What are some characteristics of Rhodophyta?
- It includes nearly 6,000 species
-Can live in warm marine currents and tropical seas
-Has red accessory pigments
-Most are multi-cellular
-have a branching growth batter
-Does not have true tissue
-Its cells are basically acting independently from one another.
What are some characteristics of Chlorophyta?
-Has chlorophyll which gives it its green color.
-Resemble plants closely
-Store sugar as starch, have cells walls which incorporates cellulose
-Has photosynthetic pigments
What are some characteristics of Charophyta?
-They evolutionarily have some species that are more closely related to plants than with each other.
What are the Amoebozoans?
They are fungi-like protists
What are some characteristics of Amoebozoans?
-They are heterotrophs living in temperate regions
-Know as slime mold
-Many move through pseudopodia
-Slime molds are close relatives to the fungi
-Can be found in soil and freshwater
Define Sessile
Unable to move
What occurs during meiosis once a mature sporangium has developed?
spores are released and germinating spores are then turned into either flagellated cells or amoeboid cells.
What is the life cycle of amoebozoans?
1) Feeding plasmodium: They begin as a feeding plasmodium where they engulf and eat bacteria, yeast, other small particles as they move around.
2) Mature Plasmodium: feeding plasmodium is now ready to fruit and has selected an area where they can become sessile.
3) Young Sporangium: aggregated amoebas form mounds and begin to develop a stalk
4) Mature Sporangium: Stalk and sporangium are formed and spores begin to produce inside sporangium
5)Meiosis occurs and spores are released from sporangium
6) Spores are turned into germinating spores
7) Germinating spores split into either Amoeboid cells or flagellated cells
8) Fertilization occurs between amoeboid cells and flagellated cells
9) A diploid zygote is produced
10) Zygotes aggregate to create a feeding plasmodium and cycle repeats.
What is a plasmodium?
a multinucleate mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane. When in this form, it is know as the feeding phase.
What is a sporangium?
A structure in which spores are produced.
What are alveoli
tiny membrane bound sacs found in the outmost membranes of alveolates to help stabilize the cell surface.
What is the red accessory pigment found in rhodophyta?
phycoerythrin
