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Bio 124 > Bio 123: PP17 Material > Flashcards

Bio 123: PP17 Material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a unique characteristic of Amphibia?

A

They have fully developed lungs and limbs

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2
Q

What orders fall under Amphibia?

A

Caudata
Anura
Gymnophiona

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3
Q

What is included in Caudata?

A

The salamanders and Newts

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4
Q

What is included in Anura?

A

Frogs

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5
Q

What is included in Gymnophiona?

A

Caecilians

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6
Q

Herpetology

A

The study of amphibians and reptiles

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7
Q

Describe the open terrestrial niche hypothesis

A

Having less competition on land and more resources on land is one of the reasons believed as to why animals began to move towards land. Fish and aquatic life was becoming so dense that their solution was to diversify towards land to reduce competition.

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8
Q

Why did species begin to move towards land?

A

Fish were reaching a diversity peak around 300 mya which created major selective pressures and competition. Species began to move to land because it decreased competition.

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9
Q

How did animals first begin to transition towards land?

A

They first adjusted and formed adaptations to shallow waters and pond edges. They still needed to live near an aquatic environment because their eggs are still subject to environmental pressures.

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10
Q

Describe the limbs of amphibians

A

They are usually quadrupedal (tetrapod) where their forelimb usually have four fingers (might have some reversals)

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11
Q

Riparian Zones

A

Areas that are directly adjacent to a body of water

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12
Q

What is the body form of amphibians typically like?

A

Their body form varies greatly among species for example a salamander v. a frog v. a caecilian are very different.

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13
Q

What is the skin of amphibians like?

A

They have smooth and moist skin that is glandular.

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14
Q

How does respiration occur in amphibians?

A

Through their lungs and through cutaneous respiration. We also see some reversals to gills because some rely on breathing through their skin.

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15
Q

Cutaneous respiration

A
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16
Q

How do amphibians regulate body temperature?

A

They are ectothermic meaning that the regulation of their body temperature depends on external surfaces (like fish).

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17
Q

Ectothermic

A

means you are cold blooded

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18
Q

Describe the tympanic membrane that amphibians have.

A

Frogs have a tympanic membrane and stapes that help advance the sense of hearing. The tympanic membrane is directly posterior to the eye and has stapes that are used for hearing. Frogs also have 1 middle ear bone.

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19
Q

Why do amphibians have paired nostrils?

A

To detect chemical changes in the environment which helps them detect predators and for smell (chemoreception)

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20
Q

How does fertilization occur in amphibians?

A

They have external feralization and many rely on aquatic habitats for reproduction.

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21
Q

What is the heart structure of amphibians?

A

They have a 3 chambered heart and have double circulation. They have two atria that receives blood from the two different circuits (the lungs and the bodily systems) For this reason amphibians are often described as having double circulation

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22
Q

Explain the amphibians heart and the circulation process.

A

-Deoxygenated blood (DB) enters through the vena cava and then enters the first major chamber of the heart (the right atrium)
-From here it passes through the sinus venosus (which provides the pacemaker for the heart)
-It then enters the singular ventricle. DB then leaves the heart through the pulmocutaneous artery
-From there it is sent to the lungs and it is in the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated (OB).
-The blood then enters the pulmonary vein and it enters the 3rd chamber of the heart known as the atrium.
-From the left atrium, the blood enters the ventricle
-From the ventricle, blood crosses through a muscles wall known as the conus arteriosus.
-In the conus arteriosus it then sends blood towards the aorta
-Blood then leaves the aorta and enters the systematic circuit and it is then transported towards the rest of the body

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23
Q

Define Artery

A

any vessel that moves blood away from the heart

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24
Q

Define Vein

A

any vessel that moves blood towards the heart

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25
Q

Describe the mixture of DB and OB in amphibian hearts

A

DB & OB can mix in amphibians b/c they are smaller and do not have a pressure to completely separate the two types of blood. The blood density difference between Db & OB allows then to follow the path they are supposed to go through.

26
Q

What are some characteristics of Caudata?

A

Known as the salamanders and Newts
-Around 655 species
-Greater diversity of them in North and Central America
-Early salamanders are more adapted to and aquatic lifestyle while more derived salamanders are adapted to terrestrial lifestyle.
-We see respiratory reversals in salamanders

27
Q

Explain the reversals in mud puppies

A

They do not have lungs and rely on gills for respiration meaning that they need to be fully submerged in water for respiration to occur.

28
Q

What are lungless salamanders called?

A

They falls under the family Plethodontidae and are a very successful group

29
Q

Characteristics of Plethodontidae

A

-Most diverse salamander family
-Widest geographic distribution
-rely completely on cutaneous respiration
-Nasolabial grooves
-Tongues stick out to 1.5x body length for prey capture

30
Q

Nasolabial grooves

A

This is a specialized adaptation that runs as a nose to be able to detect changes of smell in their environment - enhances chemoreception

31
Q

ex-situ

A

Conservation method where you take organisms out of their natural environment

32
Q

What is an additional defensive adaptation in Plethodontidae?

A

They have noxious secretions which can make them venomous for other animals to eat them. They also have a darker dorsal color to blend in but have a brightly colored ventral surface to warn off predators. They also have an unkenreflex

33
Q

Explain the unkenreflex

A
34
Q

Reversals of Plethodontidae

A

Have a reversal to gills b/c their lungs and jaw and tongue take up to much space in their anatomy. This is also what allows them to coil their tongue into their mouth which gives them the ability to stretch out their tongue for predation. If they had lungs, they would not be able to coil up their tongue b/c they would choke.

35
Q

What is a local species of salamander to the chesapeake bay?

A

The eastern hellbender

36
Q

What order do frogs fall under?

A

Anura

37
Q

What are some characteristics of frogs?

A

5000+ species
-Found everywhere except antarctic
-They have a jumping ability that is their most conspicuous adaptation
-Their entire body acts as a lever system which allows them to escape predation
-Throughout their life they can undergo metamorphosis
-They have changes in their feeding diet as their life forms change.

38
Q

What are the adaptation for jumping that frogs have?

A
  1. have long limbs
  2. have fused bones in the limbs
  3. Have a short vertebral column
  4. They have a pelvic girdle
39
Q

Explain why having long limbs and fused bones increases the frogs ability to jump.

A

They have a long fore limb and hind limb which would allow them to stretch farther. The fused bones also give them additional strength, especially when landing to avoid injury (radioulna) the tibiofibula is also fused for extra strength.

40
Q

Explain why having a short vertebral column and pelvic girdle is important.

A

A shortened vertebral column helps avoid injury because they do not have to worry about their back bending. The pelvic girdle are the bones around the pelvis that are all elongated and act as a shock absorber for when landing after jumps.

41
Q

What are the four major shifts that frogs see as they undergo metamorphosis?

A
  1. Habitat
  2. Locomotion
  3. Diet
  4. Respiration
42
Q

Explain metamorphosis of frogs.

A

-Fertilized eggs undergo cleavage and an embryo is nourished by the yolk
-Tadpole begins feeding on algae and has external gills for respiration (are completely aquatic)
-Skinfold grows over external gills and water exists through a spiracle
-Hindlimbs and forelimbs begin to emerge
-Tail shortens by reabsorption and metamorphosis is almost completed (become land animals at this point)
-Then continued to develop into a mature frog

43
Q

Amplexus

A

When a male frog clasps a female frog in order to mate and fertilize eggs

44
Q

What is a unique trait of frogs?

A

They are the only vertebrae that undergo complete metamorphosis in order to decrease introspecific competition between conspecifics to maximize success.

45
Q

Locomotion transitions of tabpoles/frogs

A

They have fins that allow them to move in the water - when they turn into adults, the fin like structures turn into limbs.

46
Q

Diet transition of tadpoles/frogs

A

Diet goes from algae as tadpoles to insects as adults

47
Q

Respiration shift of tadpoles/frogs

A

They have physiological shift from having gills as tadpoles to having a developed pair of lungs as adults

48
Q

What is the reproductive shift seen in frogs?

A

We begin to see a variety of interesting reproductive lifestyle in frogs as well as an increase in parental care during earliest tadpole phases.

49
Q

Parenting of a Pygmy Marsupial Frog

A

Females have a posterior pouch where tadpoles can swim in and out of the pouch to protect themselves which lowers the predation and mortality rate of the tadpoles.

50
Q

Parenting style of Surinam Toad

A

The females begin to create eggs within their skin. The eggs then move anteriorly in the body and then dorsally up the body. As they mate, the males fertilize the eggs that are sitting on her semiperminable dorsal portion of her body and the eggs are protected by a very thin layer of skin. When the female is preggo, they have bumps throughout their dorsal body and as the eggs hatch they emerge from the skin.

51
Q

Parenting Style of a Poison Arrow Frog

A

They have aposematic coloration and toxins that warn off predators. Babies then attach to the skin of the mother and as tadpoles emerge, females have a sticky coating where tadpoles can rest and be protected by the mother’s defense mechanisms (aposematic coloration and toxin emissions)

52
Q

Parenting style of Darwin’s Frogs

A

-Known as mouth brooding frogs
-They have an extended flap of skin within the mouth of the mother and tadpoles can swim in and out of the mothers mouth which provides protection

53
Q

Why do frogs have these interesting reproductive lifestyles?

A

To increase the fitness success of their tadpoles b/c if you have less tadpoles reaching adult stages then their population would begin to decline.

54
Q

Common name for the order Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians

55
Q

Characteristics of Caecilians

A

-About 200 species
-Live in tropical regions
-Legless animals that burrow themselves deep down (some are aquatic)
-Have a tentacle that lies between its nostril and eyes and is used as a sense organ
-Some lay eggs and some give birth to live young (oviparous v. viviparous)

56
Q

What is a reversal found in Gymnophionas?

A

They have a reversal in their limbs and are all fossoliral animals which are animals that primarily live underground.

57
Q

Unique characteristics of Gymnophiona

A

-They rely on moisture b/c they need to keep their skin moist
-Only amphibians that can be viviparous
-The adaption of having chemical reception makes up for not having eyes for vision.

58
Q

Why are amphibians indicator species?

A

They are indicator species because their semi permeable skin is very sensitive to pollutants and diseases in the environment.

59
Q

Conservation concerns of amphibians

A

-Global warming/climate change has increased the appearance of chytrid fungus which is killing off frogs as an alarming rate
-Land use changes is destroying the habitat of amphibians
-Commercial exploitation
-Pollutions and chemicals in the environment are affecting amphibians in many different ways

60
Q

Why is protecting amphibian populations important?

A

They aid in controlling insect populations as well as can aid with disease outbreaks
-They are cultural icons
-They have an intrinsic value of a species (aesthetic appeal)

Bio 124 (22 decks)

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