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Pharmacology > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

0
Q

Monitor PTT

Activates anti-thrombin III

A

Heparin

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1
Q

Monitor PT/INR

Inhibits Vit K dependen5 factors

A

Warfarin

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2
Q

Warfarin antidote

A

Vit K

FFP

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3
Q

Heparin antidote

A

Protamine sulfate

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4
Q

Antidote for Organophosphate poisoning

A

Pralidoxime

First line is Atropine

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5
Q

Most important limiting factor for permeation

A

Lipid diffusion

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6
Q

Predicts rate of movement of molecules across a barrier

A

Fick’s law of diffusion

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7
Q

What molecules are more water soluble, leading to increased clearnace?

A

Ionized (charged) and polar

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8
Q

What molecules are more lipid soluble, leading to increased capacity to cross biological membranes?

A

Non-ionized (uncharged) and non polar

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9
Q

PH= pKa + log of A?/B?

A

A: Unprotonated
B: Protonated

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10
Q

Weak acid can be excreted faster by __________ the urine with __________.

A

Alkalinizing
Bicarbonate HCO3

To make ACIDIC BASIC, give BICARB

ABB

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11
Q

Weak base can be excreted faster by __________ the urine with __________.

A 
Acidifying 
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) or KCl

To make BASIC ACIDIC, give AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

BAA

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12
Q

Identify: Site of drug metabolism is in the gut wall, portal circulation and liver, usually noted in oral drugs

A

First Pass Effect

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13
Q

Bypasses first pass effect

A

IV
IM
Sublingual
Transdermal

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14
Q

Anticoagulants cannot be given via _____ route

A

IM

Can cause hematomas

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15
Q

Order based on superiority

Oral, IV, IM, SubCu, Buccal/Sublingual, Rectal

A 
IV
IM
SubCu
Buccal/Sublingual
Rectal
Oral
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16
Q

Partial avoidance of first pass effect in ________ route

A

Rectal

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17
Q

Which of the 3 veins of the rectum exhibits first pass effect?

A

Superior Rectal Vein

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18
Q

Order based on decreasing evaporation:

Ointment
Gel
Lotion
Cream

A

Lotion
Gel
Cream
Ointment

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19
Q

Acute inflammation of the skin:

Use drugs with Increased or decreased evaporation?

A

Increased

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20
Q

Chronic inflammation of the skin:

Use drugs with Increased or decreased evaporation?

A

Decreased

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21
Q

Can bound drugs cross membranes?

A

No
Only unbound drugs can cross
Acidic and basic drugs are BOUND

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22
Q

Drugs that are not modified by the body and continue to act until excreted

Drugs?

A

Mannitol

Lithium

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23
Q

Concentration decreases 50% for every half life
Concentration decreases exponentially
Most common

Type of elimination

A

First Order

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24
Rate of elimination is constant for every half life | Concentration decreases linearly
Zero order
25
Drugs that display Zero Order Kinetics WHAT PET
``` Warfarin Heparin Aspirin Tolbutamide Phenytoin Ethanol Theophylline ```
26
In the presence of a full agonist, a ___________ agonist can act as an inhibitor
Partial
27
These do not provoke a biological response by themselves upon binding to a receptor Blocks or dampens drug response in the presence of an agonist
Antagonist
28
Irreversible antagonist | Not overcome by adding more agonist
Non-competitive
29
Reversible antagonist | Overcome by adding more agonist
Competitive
30
Shifts dose response curve to the right
Competitive antagonist
31
Shifts dose response curve to the left
Non-competitive antagonist
32
Binds to a different receptor producing an effect that is opposite to the effect of the drug it is antagonizing I.e. Histamine and epinephrine
Physiologic antagonists
33
Reduces constituitive activity Opposite effects are produced by the agonist I.e. Propranolol, thyroid hormone
Inverse agonist
34
Antagonist that interacts directly with the drug to remove it or prevent it from reaching its target Doesn't depend on interaction with agonist receptors I.e. Dimercaprol for lead poisoning Pralidoxime for organophosphate poisoning
Chemical antagonists
35
Drugs that exhibit Tachyphylaxis | DELaMar watches CNN in HD
``` Dobutamine Ephedrine LSD Metoclopramide Calcitonin Nitroglycerin Nicotine Hydralazine Desmopressin ```
36
Define: Drug input equals rate of elimination
Steady state
37
Number of half lives to reach steady state
4-5
38
Plasma drug concentration is inversely proportional to_______
Vd and Clearance
39
Vd is __________ proportional to half life
Directly
40
Clearance is ___________ proportional to half life
Inversely
41
Area under the curve (AUC ) is a measure of_________
Bioavailability
42
Clearance is __________ proportional to Maintenance dose
Directly
43
Desired plasma concentration is _______ proportional to maintenance dose
Directly
44
Bioavailability is ___________ proportional to maintenance dose
Inversely
46
Trough determinines the minimum ___________ concentration
Effective
47
Peak determines the minimum ___________ concentration
Toxic
48
Effect of renal disease and reduced CO on drug clearance
Decrease
49
Phase I reactions that convert a parent drug to a more polar or water soluble product Not highly selective of substrates HORD
Hydroxylation Oxidation Reduction Deamination
50
75% of drugs are metabolized by Cytochrome______
CYP 3A4 | CYP 2D6
51
Phase II reactions that makes original drug more polar (water soluble) less lipid soluble Not very selective GAG GSM
``` Glucuronidation Acetylation Glutathione conjugation Glycine conjugation Sulfation Methylation ```
52
Asians are ______ acetylators
Fast Must increase drug
53
Caucasians are ________ acetylators
Slow
54
Cytochrome P450 inducers
``` Ethanol Barbiturates Phenytoin Rifampicin Griseofulvin Carbamazepine St. John's Wort/Smoking ``` Ethel Booba takes PHEN-phen and Refuses Greasy Carb Shakes
55
Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors
``` Isoniazid Sulfonamides Cimetidine Ketoconazole Erythromycin Grapefruit Juice Quinidine Valproic Acid Ritonavir Amiodarone ``` ISO Santa Claus Kissing Every Girl, Quickly Vanishing Right After
56
Class of Drugs: Safe in pregnant human Safe in pregnant animal Folic acid, thyroid hormone
A
57
Class of Drugs: No studies in pregnant human, Safe in pregnant animal OR Safe in pregnant human, unsafe in pregnant animal Zidovudine
B
58
Class of Drugs: No studies in pregnant human, Unsafe in pregnant animal OR No studies in both human and pregnant animals Aspirin
C
59
Class of Drugs: Unsafe in pregnant human Unsafe in pregnant animal ACE inhibitors, Anticonvulsants
D
60
Class of Drugs: Unsafe in pregnant human Unsafe in pregnant animal Statins, OCPs, Chlomiphene, Misoprostol, High Dose Vit A Teratogenic
X
61
Fetal-renal damage
ACE inhibitors
62
Neural Tube Defects ADR of which drug?
Anti-epileptic drugs
63
Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome ADR of which drug?
Phenytoin
64
Neonatal hypoglycemia ADR of which drug?
Oral hypoglycemic agents
65
Neonatal dependence ADR of which drug?
Barbiturates
66
Vaginal Clear Cell AdenoCA ADR of which drug?
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
67
Fetal Alcohol syndrome ADR of which drug?
Ethanol
68
Ebstein's anomaly ADR of which drug?
Lithium
69
Craniofacial malformations ADR of which drug?
Isotretinoin
70
Congenital hypothyroidism ADR of which drug?
Iodide
71
Mobius sequence ADR of which drug?
Misoprostol
72
Cutis laxa ADR of which drug?
Penicillamine
73
Phocomelia ADR of which drug?
Thalidomide
74
IUGR ADR of which drug?
Smoking
75
Tooth discoloration ADR of which drug?
Tetracycline
76
Ototoxicity ADR of which drug?
Streptomycin
77
Aplasia Cutis Congenita ADR of which drug?
Methimazole
78
Kernicterus ADR of which drug?
Sulfonamides
79
Cartilage damage ADR of which drug?
Fluoroquinolones
80
Chondrodysplasia ADR of which drug?
Warfarin 1st trimester
81
CNS malformations ADR of which drug?
Warfarin 2nd trimester
82
Bleeding diatheses ADR of which drug?
Warfarin 3rd trimester
83
In vitro test for mutagenicity
Ames test
84
In vivo mutagenicity test in mice
Dominant lethal test
85
Preclinical data up to proposal for clinical trials
Investigational New Drug
86
Includes preclinical and clinical testing | Request for approval of general marketing of drug for prescription use
New Drug Application
87
Phases of Drug Trial: Among normal human volunteers (25-50) Is it safe?
Phase I Trial
88
Phases of Drug Trial: Among volunteers with target disease (100-300) Is it effective?
Phase II Trial
89
Phases of Drug Trial: Among many patients and clinicians (1000-5000) Compare with older therapies and discover toxicities
Phase III Trial
90
Detects infrequent toxicities | Post-marketing surveillance
Phase IV Trial
91
Drug for a rare disease, affecting fewer than 1 every 200,000 people
Orphan drug
110
Safe range between the minimum therapeutic concentration and minimum toxic concentration of a drug
Therapeutic window

Pharmacology (31 decks)

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