Bacteria Intro Flashcards
Bacteria size
.1-10 micrometers
lipoteichoic and teichoic acids in ____ _____ only
gram positive (purple)
________ layer thick cell wall in gram ______, thin in _______
peptidoglycan (penicillin prevents synthesis),
positive,
negative
some bac encapsulated w/ _________ ________, ex. (3)
polysaccharide coating (prevents phagocytosis)
- Neisseria,
- Haemophilus (-)
- Streptococcus species (+)
_______ aka – enzyme that catalyzes linkage btwn peptidoglycans
Transpeptidase aka penicillin binding protein
TB aka Mycobacteria are weakly _____ _____ but better to use ____ _____
gram positive,
acid fast
no cell wall
mycoplasma
Gram negative have outer _________-containing cell membrane which blocks antibiotics such as ______
lipopolysaccharide,
penicillin
- grape like cluster
- rod
cocci,
bacilli
macrophages produce _______ ________ (very reactive)–exs.
Molecular oxygen,
H2O2, O2-, OH-
hydrogen peroxide broken down by bac by (2) superoxide radical by (1)
catalase, peroxidase,
superoxide dismutase
activates prothrombin
coagulase (staph aureus)
Obligate aerobes have all ____ ________ ex.s (3)
3 enzymes SPC,
NLP
obligate anaerobes typically in _____ _____ and produce ____ (bacterioides)
deep tissues,
gas
virulence factors (4)
- flagella
- pili (adhesion/binding)
- capsules (can only be phagocytised after opsonization)
- endospores (dormancy)
survives within mac/ neutophil –
facultative intracellular organisms
almost all gram+ release _____(except ______)–may lead to hightened immune response
exotoxins,
Listeria
Food poinsoning (4) enterotoxins
- V cholera
- E coli
- C jejuni
- S dystenteriae
toCCin
active neuro exotoxins
botulism/ tetanus
pyogenic exotoxins stimulate ______ ______ _____, ex
toxic shock syndrome,
Strep pyogenes
lipopolysaccharides Lipid A in Gram - released w/ death of bac
endotoxins (part of outer membrane)
sepsis aka–may lead to _____ _____, mediator: _________
bacteremia (may also be fungi),
septic shock,
prostaglandins
DNA from dead bac may attach and incorporate self into another bac
transformation
virus (bacteriophage) carries piece of bac DNA from one to another
transduction
DNA transfered cell-cell
conjugation
Streptococci:
Beta-hemolysis:
Alpha-hemolysis:
Gamma-hemolysis:
- Gram +
- won’t bubble when H2O2 placed– neg catalase
1. complete lyse
2. partial lyse
3. no hemolyze
Staphylococci:
- Gram+
- grape-like clusters
- catalase positive
Staph aureus:
-Beta-hemolytic
-coagulase + vs. coagulase neg cocci (S epidermidis)
-
MRSA
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus–secrete penicillinase
Gram+, bacili, aerobic/anaerobic,
- spore forming rod (ex anthrax–B anthracis) activates in host
- ^ mortality exotoxin
- capsule prevents phagocytosis
most common antibiotic diarrhea
- Clostridium difficile
- enterotoxin
- Gram+, SPORE forming rod
- (botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, p colitis)
spore boiling resistant, Gram+, rod,
C botulinum (blocks Ach synaps)
“loves PHARYNX” causing gray membrane, Gram+, NO spores
C diphtheriae, powerful EXOTOXIN,
Gram + rod, has ENDOTOXIN, hide in ____&______. Cell-mediated immunity
L monocytogenes,
macrophages & neutrophils (facultative)
Gram - rods paired _____-____; ear infections, lungs, upper respt
end-end,
M catarrhalis,
may be coccobacillary
colonizing 33-100% of nasopharynx may gravel to ear or sinus
Moraxella
Gram - diplococci, menigitis, endotoxin
Neisseria meningitidis
meningitis causes
10% bac
90% viral
____ protect ______ _____ from antibodies
pili,
N gonorrhoeae
Gram -, Bacili, aerobic, enterics (4)
part of normal intestinal flora,
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Vibrionaceae
- Pseudomonadaceae
- Bacteroidaceae
Enterics:
“, Hospital sepsis”, UTI, ALCOHOLIC pneumonia
K pneumoniae,
exo/endotoxins, mucosal adherence, invasion,
may cause diarrhea, UTI, neonatal meniingitis,
E coli
Enteric:
fecal-oral, shiga toxin, bright red blood and pus-diarrhea
shigella (4 subsets)
Enteric:
chickens, watery diarrhea, typhoid fever
salmonella
Enteric:
CURVED gram - rod w/ single flagellum,
fecal-oral transmission–binds to GI tract,
“rice water stool”
V cholera (binds to GI tract actively secretes Na and Cl)
Enterics:
Gram- rod, obligate aerobe, “green and blue fluorescent pigment”, exotoxin
pseudomonas aeruginosa, NONFERMENTERS
Enterics:
Gram - , no lipid A, capsule, ANAEROBIC
Bacteroides fragilis
3 types of diarrhea and bac ex.s
- No cell invasion-electrolye and fluid loss (E coli, V cholera)
- Invasion of intestinal epithelia cells-toxin destroys cells–WBCs IN STOOL (E coli, Shigella, Salmonela)
- Invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream–fever, headache, bloody diarrhea (campylobacter)
bac requiring certain chemical
fastidius organism
fastidious organism, curved w/ single flagellum, “bloody loose diarrhea”, toxin, fecal-oral
Campylobacter jejuni
fastidious org, curved w/ multiple flagella, STOMACH ULCERS
helicobacter pylori
Haemophilus (blood loving): THUMB sign (enlarged epiglotis), EPIGLOTTITIS
Haemophilus influenzae
Attaches and destroys ciliated epithelial cells of trachea ==> violent cough, ^ insulin and lymphocytes.
Bordetella pertussis
WHOOPING cough
aerobic gram - rod, survive and replicate intracellularly
legionella pneumophilia
flu-like legionnaire’s disease–self limiting
pontiac fever
gram negative rods, facultative intracellular orgs (4)
- yersinia
- francisella
- brucella
- pasteurella
bubonic plague–(bubo axila swelling)
Yersinia pestis–>hemorrhagaic skin invasion –>black discoloration
Tularemia (from ticks)–resembles plague
francisella tularensis
Undulent fever w/out ulcers/buboes, occasional lymphadenopathy
Brucella
Gram - obligate intracellular parasites, small
Chlamydia & Rickettsia
colonizes mouths of cats and dogs–don’t suture!
pasteurella multocida
augmentin
combo amoxicillin/clavulanate
Rocky Mt spotted fever–ticks–rash
Rickettsia rickettsii
Trachoma–chronic conjunctivitis
chlamydia trachomatis
Form granulomas, Tiny, gram-, corkscrew shape and motion
spirochetes
syphilis–3 stages–
T pallidum (spirochete) “the great masquerader”
Spirochete:
Lyme disease–3 stages–TARGET (starts w/ single lesion)
Borrelia burgdorveri
bOb
Mycobacterium ex’s (2) and characteristics–ACID-FAST
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB (obligate aerobe–lungs)
- M leprae leprose (footpads of mice,armadillos)
- thin rods w/ ^ lipids in walls
lack peptidoglycan cell wall, tiny, not rods/cocci, immune to penicillin
mycoplasma
“Walking pneumoniae” cause, attaches to respiratory epitheliium, “atypical pneumonia”
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
mycoplasma
PrP–>PrPs =
PrP PrP prions
