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Infection and Immunology > Bacteria Intro > Flashcards

Bacteria Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria size

A

.1-10 micrometers

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2
Q

lipoteichoic and teichoic acids in ____ _____ only

A

gram positive (purple)

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3
Q

________ layer thick cell wall in gram ______, thin in _______

A

peptidoglycan (penicillin prevents synthesis),
positive,
negative

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4
Q

some bac encapsulated w/ _________ ________, ex. (3)

A

polysaccharide coating (prevents phagocytosis)

  1. Neisseria,
  2. Haemophilus (-)
  3. Streptococcus species (+)
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5
Q

_______ aka – enzyme that catalyzes linkage btwn peptidoglycans

A

Transpeptidase aka penicillin binding protein

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6
Q

TB aka Mycobacteria are weakly _____ _____ but better to use ____ _____

A

gram positive,

acid fast

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7
Q

no cell wall

A

mycoplasma

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8
Q

Gram negative have outer _________-containing cell membrane which blocks antibiotics such as ______

A

lipopolysaccharide,

penicillin

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9
Q
  • grape like cluster

- rod

A

cocci,

bacilli

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10
Q

macrophages produce _______ ________ (very reactive)–exs.

A

Molecular oxygen,

H2O2, O2-, OH-

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11
Q

hydrogen peroxide broken down by bac by (2) superoxide radical by (1)

A

catalase, peroxidase,

superoxide dismutase

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12
Q

activates prothrombin

A

coagulase (staph aureus)

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13
Q

Obligate aerobes have all ____ ________ ex.s (3)

A

3 enzymes SPC,

NLP

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14
Q

obligate anaerobes typically in _____ _____ and produce ____ (bacterioides)

A

deep tissues,

gas

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15
Q

virulence factors (4)

A
  1. flagella
  2. pili (adhesion/binding)
  3. capsules (can only be phagocytised after opsonization)
  4. endospores (dormancy)
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16
Q

survives within mac/ neutophil –

A

facultative intracellular organisms

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17
Q

almost all gram+ release _____(except ______)–may lead to hightened immune response

A

exotoxins,

Listeria

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18
Q

Food poinsoning (4) enterotoxins

A
  1. V cholera
  2. E coli
  3. C jejuni
  4. S dystenteriae
    toCCin
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19
Q

active neuro exotoxins

A

botulism/ tetanus

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20
Q

pyogenic exotoxins stimulate ______ ______ _____, ex

A

toxic shock syndrome,

Strep pyogenes

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21
Q

lipopolysaccharides Lipid A in Gram - released w/ death of bac

A

endotoxins (part of outer membrane)

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22
Q

sepsis aka–may lead to _____ _____, mediator: _________

A

bacteremia (may also be fungi),
septic shock,
prostaglandins

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23
Q

DNA from dead bac may attach and incorporate self into another bac

A

transformation

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24
Q

virus (bacteriophage) carries piece of bac DNA from one to another

A

transduction

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25
Q

DNA transfered cell-cell

A

conjugation

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26
Q

Streptococci:
Beta-hemolysis:
Alpha-hemolysis:
Gamma-hemolysis:

A
  • Gram +
  • won’t bubble when H2O2 placed– neg catalase
    1. complete lyse
    2. partial lyse
    3. no hemolyze
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27
Q

Staphylococci:

A
  • Gram+
  • grape-like clusters
  • catalase positive
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28
Q

Staph aureus:

A

-Beta-hemolytic
-coagulase + vs. coagulase neg cocci (S epidermidis)
-

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29
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus–secrete penicillinase

30
Q

Gram+, bacili, aerobic/anaerobic,

A
  • spore forming rod (ex anthrax–B anthracis) activates in host
  • ^ mortality exotoxin
  • capsule prevents phagocytosis
31
Q

most common antibiotic diarrhea

A
  • Clostridium difficile
  • enterotoxin
  • Gram+, SPORE forming rod
  • (botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, p colitis)
32
Q

spore boiling resistant, Gram+, rod,

A

C botulinum (blocks Ach synaps)

33
Q

“loves PHARYNX” causing gray membrane, Gram+, NO spores

A

C diphtheriae, powerful EXOTOXIN,

34
Q

Gram + rod, has ENDOTOXIN, hide in ____&______. Cell-mediated immunity

A

L monocytogenes,

macrophages & neutrophils (facultative)

35
Q

Gram - rods paired _____-____; ear infections, lungs, upper respt

A

end-end,
M catarrhalis,
may be coccobacillary

36
Q

colonizing 33-100% of nasopharynx may gravel to ear or sinus

A

Moraxella

37
Q

Gram - diplococci, menigitis, endotoxin

A

Neisseria meningitidis

38
Q

meningitis causes

A

10% bac

90% viral

39
Q

____ protect ______ _____ from antibodies

A

pili,

N gonorrhoeae

40
Q

Gram -, Bacili, aerobic, enterics (4)

A

part of normal intestinal flora,

  1. Enterobacteriaceae
  2. Vibrionaceae
  3. Pseudomonadaceae
  4. Bacteroidaceae
41
Q

Enterics:

“, Hospital sepsis”, UTI, ALCOHOLIC pneumonia

A

K pneumoniae,

42
Q

exo/endotoxins, mucosal adherence, invasion,

may cause diarrhea, UTI, neonatal meniingitis,

A

E coli

43
Q

Enteric:

fecal-oral, shiga toxin, bright red blood and pus-diarrhea

A

shigella (4 subsets)

44
Q

Enteric:

chickens, watery diarrhea, typhoid fever

A

salmonella

45
Q

Enteric:
CURVED gram - rod w/ single flagellum,
fecal-oral transmission–binds to GI tract,
“rice water stool”

A

V cholera (binds to GI tract actively secretes Na and Cl)

46
Q

Enterics:

Gram- rod, obligate aerobe, “green and blue fluorescent pigment”, exotoxin

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa, NONFERMENTERS

47
Q

Enterics:

Gram - , no lipid A, capsule, ANAEROBIC

A

Bacteroides fragilis

48
Q

3 types of diarrhea and bac ex.s

A
  1. No cell invasion-electrolye and fluid loss (E coli, V cholera)
  2. Invasion of intestinal epithelia cells-toxin destroys cells–WBCs IN STOOL (E coli, Shigella, Salmonela)
  3. Invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream–fever, headache, bloody diarrhea (campylobacter)
49
Q

bac requiring certain chemical

A

fastidius organism

50
Q

fastidious organism, curved w/ single flagellum, “bloody loose diarrhea”, toxin, fecal-oral

A

Campylobacter jejuni

51
Q

fastidious org, curved w/ multiple flagella, STOMACH ULCERS

A

helicobacter pylori

52
Q 
Haemophilus (blood loving):
THUMB sign (enlarged epiglotis), EPIGLOTTITIS
A

Haemophilus influenzae

53
Q

Attaches and destroys ciliated epithelial cells of trachea ==> violent cough, ^ insulin and lymphocytes.

A

Bordetella pertussis

WHOOPING cough

54
Q

aerobic gram - rod, survive and replicate intracellularly

A

legionella pneumophilia

55
Q

flu-like legionnaire’s disease–self limiting

A

pontiac fever

56
Q

gram negative rods, facultative intracellular orgs (4)

A
  1. yersinia
  2. francisella
  3. brucella
  4. pasteurella
57
Q

bubonic plague–(bubo axila swelling)

A

Yersinia pestis–>hemorrhagaic skin invasion –>black discoloration

58
Q

Tularemia (from ticks)–resembles plague

A

francisella tularensis

59
Q

Undulent fever w/out ulcers/buboes, occasional lymphadenopathy

A

Brucella

60
Q

Gram - obligate intracellular parasites, small

A

Chlamydia & Rickettsia

61
Q

colonizes mouths of cats and dogs–don’t suture!

A

pasteurella multocida

62
Q

augmentin

A

combo amoxicillin/clavulanate

63
Q

Rocky Mt spotted fever–ticks–rash

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

64
Q

Trachoma–chronic conjunctivitis

A

chlamydia trachomatis

65
Q

Form granulomas, Tiny, gram-, corkscrew shape and motion

A

spirochetes

66
Q

syphilis–3 stages–

A

T pallidum (spirochete) “the great masquerader”

67
Q

Spirochete:

Lyme disease–3 stages–TARGET (starts w/ single lesion)

A

Borrelia burgdorveri

bOb

68
Q

Mycobacterium ex’s (2) and characteristics–ACID-FAST

A
  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB (obligate aerobe–lungs)
  2. M leprae leprose (footpads of mice,armadillos)
    - thin rods w/ ^ lipids in walls
69
Q

lack peptidoglycan cell wall, tiny, not rods/cocci, immune to penicillin

A

mycoplasma

70
Q

“Walking pneumoniae” cause, attaches to respiratory epitheliium, “atypical pneumonia”

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

mycoplasma

71
Q

PrP–>PrPs =

A

PrP PrP prions

Infection and Immunology (17 decks)

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