B7-Non-communicable diseases Flashcards
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that can’t be passed from one individual to another
Examples of non-communicable diseases
Coronary heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer, stroke
Correlation
A link or relationship between two factors
Causation/causal mechanism
A scientific explanation for how two factors influence each other
Risk factor
A variable that can increase the likelihood of a disease
Risk factors for non-communicable diseases
Smoking, obesity, genes, diet, exposure to ionising radiation
Carcinogen
A chemical that can cause mutations in cell’s DNA, triggering tumours
Ionising radiation
Radiation that can damage the cell’s DNA and trigger tumours eg. UV and X rays
Cancer
A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the body
Tumour
A mass of uncontrolled cell growth
3 differences between Benign and Malignant tumour
Benign- treated with surgery, non invasive to other tissues, creates pressure on the organ
Malignant- hard to treat with surgery, invasive to other tissues, can split up and travel in bloodstream
2 similarities of Benign and Malignant tumours
Made up of abnormal cells
Result of changes in the cell DNA
3 Causes of cancer
2 Main ways to treat cancer
Genetic factors, cell mutations, viral infections
Radiotherapy, chemotherapy
Tar
A brown sticky substance formed by condensed tobacco smoke
Carbon monoxide
A poisonous gas that binds to haemoglobin, reduces capacity for oxygen
Nicotine
An addictive drug, increases heart rate
Health effects from obesity
Type II diabetes, stroke, arthritis, heart disease, high blood pressure
How does a bad diet lead to coronary heart disease and stroke
Bad diet; fatty deposits in arteries; narrower; less blood flow; less oxygen and glucose; less respiration; less energy; less contractions; stroke
Ways exercise helps health
Reduces fatty deposits in arteries, lowers risk of cardiovascular disease, reduces risk of arthritis and diabetes
3 Short and Long term effects of alcohol
Short- blurred vision, vomiting, lack of co-ordination
Long- liver cirrhosis, depression, brain damage
7 health issues from smoking
Cancer, smoker’s cough, bronchitis, stroke, premature/stunted babies, emphysema, chd
*How smoking causes cancer
Tar contains carcinogens that disrupt DNA and trigger formation of tumours
*How smoking causes Coronary heart disease
Damages lining of arteries, builds up fatty material, leads to chd
*How smoking causes heart attack/stroke
Blood is more likely to clot, increasing risk
*How smoking causes bronchitis
Tar damages cilia, that line the trachea
*How smoking causes emphysema
Tobacco damages air sacs in lungs so lung function decreases
*How smoking causes smoker’s cough
Cough to remove mucus build up due to damaged cilia
*How smoking causes stunted growth and premature babies
Oxygen shortage in developing foetus results in lack of respiration and energy
How alcohol affects unborn babies
Alcohol is passed through the placenta and the baby can’t cope. Causes miscarriages, stillbirths and facial deformities
