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Biology > B5- Communicable diseases > Flashcards

B5- Communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 factors that affect health

A

Diet
Stress
Lifestyle situations e.g financial status

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2
Q

Communicable disease definition

A

A disease that can be passed from one person to another

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3
Q

Non-communicable disease definition

A

A disease that cannot be passed from one person to another

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4
Q

Pathogen definition and examples

A

Microorganisms that can cause disease
Bacteria, fungi, virus

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5
Q

Bacteria
Type of cell?
How do replicate?
Why are they bad?

A

Prokaryotic
Binary fission, splitting in two
Produce toxins that causes damage to tissue and symptoms

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6
Q

Viruses
Type of cell?
How do replicate?
Why are they bad?

A

Not a cell
Use host’s DNA inside of cell
Damages the hosts cell

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7
Q

3 ways disease spread and examples of how they spread

A

Air- coughing, sneezing, breathing in droplets
Water- drinking dirty water, uncooked food
Contact- skin and sexual contact, dirty needles

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8
Q

2 bacterial diseases

A

Gonorrhoea, salmonella

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9
Q

3 viral diseases

A

Measles, HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

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10
Q

1 Fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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11
Q

1 Protist disease

A

Malaria

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12
Q

Measles
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Virus
Inhalation of droplets, sneezes and coughs
Fever, red rash
Vaccinate children

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13
Q

HIV/AIDS
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Virus
Sexual contact, bodily fluids
Flu like disease, attacks immune cells
Antiretroviral drugs

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14
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Virus
Direct contact
Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
Remove infected plants

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15
Q

Salmonella
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Bacteria
Uncooked food, unhygienic conditions
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting
Poultry vaccinated

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16
Q

Gonorrhoea
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Bacteria
Sexual contact
Yellow/green discharge from sexual organs
Antibiotics

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17
Q

Rose Black Spot
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Fungus
Water or wind
Black spot on leaves, turn yellow and drop
Fungicides

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18
Q

Malaria
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

A

Protist
Mosquito bites
Recurrent episodes of fever
Prevent mosquito from breeding, nets

19
Q

4 methods to prevent spread of diseases

A

Hygiene, isolating infected, destroying vectors, vaccination

20
Q

What type of genetic material do viruses have? What to protect it?

A

DNA/RNA
Protein coat (capsid)

21
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens cause what?

A

Crown galls- mass of unspecialised cells that grow between root and shoot of plant

22
Q

How do humans prevent infection?

A

Tears with enzymes to kill bacteria
Stomach- hydrochloric acid, kills bacteria in food& swallowed mucus
Trachea- goblet cells produce sticky mucus, traps bacteria

23
Q

How to white blood cells treat infection?

A

Phagocytosis- phagocytes engulf, digest and destroy pathogens
Lymphocytes- produce complementary antibodies and antitoxins

24
Q

Causes of disease in plants

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, mineral deficiencies, insect pests

25
Q

2 mineral deficiencies
What they are needed for and what they can cause

A

Nitrates
For amino acids production, protein synthesis, stunted growth
Magnesium
For chlorophyll, causes chlorosis, leaves yellow, stunted growth

26
Q

Physical plant barriers

A

Cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, dead cells around stems can fall off

27
Q

Chemical plant barriers

A

Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores

28
Q

Mechanical plant barriers

A

Thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves curl when touched

29
Q

Culture

A

To grow in very large numbers so scientists can see all the bacteria as a whole

30
Q

Exponential growth

A

The rate of increase getting larger each time

31
Q

Aspetic technique

A

Procedures to ensure there is no contamination

32
Q

Culture medium

A

A liquid or gel with the nutrients that bacteria need

33
Q

How to calculate rate of division

A
  1. Convert units to minutes
  2. Calculate no. of divisions
  3. Bacteria at beginning x 2 to power of no of divisions
34
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

πr²

35
Q

4 things bacteria need to survive

A

Suitable pH
Suitable temperature
Nutrients
Oxygen

36
Q

How to prepare uncontaminated bacteria culture

A
  1. Sterilise petri dish, agar gel, spray bench
  2. Pass inoculating loop through bunsen burner
  3. Dip loop in bacteria and spread on agar gel
  4. Lid, tape, upside down at 25 degrees for school
37
Q

How to test the effect of antibiotics

A
  1. Soak filter paper disks in antibiotic solutions
    2.Place filter paper discs on petri dish
    3.Incubate at 25 degrees
    4.Calculate zone of inhibition, largest is best
38
Q

4 ways to prevent bacterial growth

A

Increase/decrease temp
Use disinfectant
Use antiseptic
Use antibiotics

39
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?

A

-insisted his students wash their hands before delivering babies

40
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A

Showed microorganisms caused disease and developed vaccines

41
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Showed antiseptic chemicals destroy pathogens

42
Q

3 ways to identify plant diseases

A

Refer to gardening manual
Take infected to a lab
Use monoclonal antibody testing kits

43
Q

2 insect pests and what they cause

A

Aphids- feed on phloem sap, deprive plant of glucose, act as vectors
Nematode worms- feed on roots, plants can’t get water

Biology (13 decks)

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