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Biology > B10- The human nervous system > Flashcards

B10- The human nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of a cell’s internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to internal or external changes

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2
Q

3 internal conditions

A

Body temperature, water content, blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

Examples of external changes and their effect

A

Exercising- decreases blood sugar, decreases water content
Temperature- increases/decreases body temperature

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4
Q

Examples of internal changes and their effect

A

Food- increases blood sugar
Drinking-increases water content

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5
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the internal or external environment

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6
Q

2 types of automatic control systems

A

Nervous system, endocrine system

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7
Q

3 key features of a control system and brief description

A

Receptor- detects stimuli
Coordination centre- receives and processes info
Effector- muscles or glands that bring responses

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8
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Receptor detects stimuli, coordination centre sends effector to respond, bring back to optimum

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9
Q

Optimal temperature for human enzymes

A

37oc

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10
Q

Hypothalamus contains?

A

Receptors sensitive to blood temperature

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11
Q

How the body responds to being too cold?

A

Shivering–> muscles contract–> respiration increases–>generates heat
Vasoconstriction–> blood vessels narrow–> decreases flow–> less heat radiated out of blood

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11
Q

How the body responds to being too hot?

A

Sweating–> water evaporates–>energy to environment
Vasodilation–> blood vessels widen–> increases flow–> more heat radiated out of blood

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12
Q

How the body responds to blood glucose being too high?

A

Pancreas releases insulin–> glucose moves from blood to cells–> stored as glycogen–> excess stored as lipids

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13
Q

How the body responds to blood glucose being too low?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon–> glycogen converted back to glucose–> then released into blood

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14
Q

Nervous system

A

Network of neurones bundled into nerves which carry electrical impulses in reaction to stimuli

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15
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)–> brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)–> rest of nerves in body

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16
Q

Pathway from stimulus to response?
What is it also known as?

A

Stimulus–> receptor–> sensory neuron–> relay neuron (CNS)–> motor neuron–> effector–> response
Reflex arc

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17
Q

Difference between a conscious action and a reflex?

A

Conscious actions go through the brain and spinal chord, reflexes go to either the spinal chord or unconscious areas of brain

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18
Q

Job for?
Sensory neurone?
Relay neurone?
Motor neurone?

A

Sensory- transfers electrical impulses from receptor to CNS
Relay- transfers electrical impulses in CNS
Motor- transfers electrical impulses from CNS to effector

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19
Q

4 key features of a neurone and 2 of their adaptation

A

Nerve endings
Nucleus
Axon- long, thin to carry electrical impulses
Myelin sheath- insulating layer which speeds up conduction of electrical impulses

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20
Q

Synapse

A

A gap where two neurones meet

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21
Q

How do synapses work?

A

The nerve signal is transferred across the synapse by chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) which diffuse across the gap. Chemicals reach receptors, trigger electrical impulse in next neurone

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22
Q

Reflex

A

An involuntary action without conscious thought

23
Q

2 benefits of reflexes

A

Helps to avoid danger/harm
Automatic, very fast

24
Q

Reflex arc in detail

A

Stimulus detected by receptor, impulses from receptor to sensory neurone to CNS. Chemical crosses the synapse between sensory and relay neurone, then between relay and motor. Carries impulse to effector which is a muscle or gland.

25
Q

Factors that influence reaction time

A

Age, gender, fatigue, distraction, alcohol

26
Q

Reaction times required practical

A

Person A places arm on table with hand over edge, gap between thumb and finger. Person B holds ruler with 0cm at person A’s thumb, then drops it without telling them. Record the distance in line with Person A’s thumb, repeat this 10 times, calculate a mean. Then swap people.

27
Q

2 bodily functions that reflex actions control

A

Breathing and digestion

28
Q

Structure of brain

A

Made up of billions of neurones with different sections for different functions

29
Q

3 key sections of the brain and what they are responsible for

A

Cerebral cortex- split into 4 lobes, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language
Cerebellum- responsible for coordinating muscular activity, balance
Medulla- responsible for unconscious activities

30
Q

Hypothalamus job?
Pituitary job?

A

Regulate body temperature
Produce many different chemicals

31
Q

3 key ways to study the brain

A

Studying people with brain damage
MRI scans
Electrical stimulation of the brain

32
Q

2 problems with brain studies

A

Risky, easy to damage or potential side effects
Ethical concerns, is the patient capable of giving consent

33
Q

Brain surgery
Benefits and risks

A

-Can remove tumours
Could cause brain damage
Could cause infections or stroke

34
Q

Brain implant
Benefits and risks

A

-Hope for early stage Parkinson’s disease
Could cause brain damage

35
Q

Radiotherapy or chemotherapy
Benefits and risks

A

-Can remove tumours
Can damage normal cells

36
Q

Monoclonal antibodies
Benefits and risks

A

-Helps destroy cancer cells
Can cause red, sore and itchy skin

37
Q

Stem cell therapies
Benefits and risks

A

-Helps repair damaged nervous system
Stem cells could be rejected

38
Q

Sclera
Function?
Location?

A

Tough to protect and hold the eye in place
Outer layer

39
Q

Cornea
Function?
Location?

A

Refracts light as it enters the eye
Transparent region of sclera at front of eye

40
Q

Iris
Function?
Location?

A

Sets of muscles that control size of pupil, regulate light reaching retina
Side of pupil

41
Q

Lens
Function?
Location?

A

Clear disc, fine-tunes the light rays
Held in place by ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

42
Q

Retina
Function?
Location?

A

Made up of light sensitive receptor cells, contains cone and rod cells
Back of the eye

43
Q

Optic nerve
Function?
Location?

A

Carry impulses from the retina to the brain
Back of the eye, leading to the brain

44
Q

What happens in the iris when in bright light?
Result?

A

Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax
Pupil constrict, less light, less damage to light sensitive receptor cells

45
Q

What happens in the iris when in dim light?
Result?

A

Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract
Pupils dilate, more light let in

46
Q

How is light refracted?

A

Refracted at cornea, refracted at lens, focused directly on retina or vision is blurry.
Image is upside down but brain interprets it the right way up.

47
Q

Accomodation

A

Process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

48
Q

Distant object
Rays?
Ciliary muscles?
Suspensory ligaments?
Lens?

A

Parallel
Relax
Tighten
Flat, thin

49
Q

Near object
Rays?
Ciliary muscles?
Suspensory ligaments?
Lens?

A

Diverging
Contract
Loosen
Short, fat, thick

50
Q

Hyperopia
Means?
Image formed?
Why?
Correct it with?

A

Long sighted, can see far away
Image formed behind retina
Lens too weak, eyeball too short
Convex lens

51
Q

Myopia
Means?
Image formed?
Why?
Correct it with?

A

Short sighted, can see close by
Short of retina
Lens too strong, eyeball too long
Concave lens

52
Q

Convex lens shape?
Concave lens shape?

A

Convex- oval
Concave- sand timer

53
Q

3 new ways to overcome myopia and hyperopia

A

Contact lenses
Laser eye surgery
Replacement lens

54
Q

Contact lenses
Ads & dis

A

Ads- Can’t be seen, easier to play sports, can last a long time or be thrown away
Dis- Need to be sterile to prevent eye infections

55
Q

Laser eye surgery
Ads & dis

A

Ads- Can reduce thickness or change shape of cornea
Dis- Only available to adults, requires surgery

56
Q

Replacement lens surgery
What is it?
Ads & dis

A

A permanent lens on top of or replacing previous lens
Ads- Permanent
Dis- Can damage retina, cause infections

Biology (13 decks)

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