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Biology > B11- Hormonal coordination > Flashcards

B11- Hormonal coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine system
Composed of?
What do they do?
Effects compared to nervous system?

A

Endocrine glands, secrete hormones into bloodstream, carried to target organ to create an effect
Slower but last longer

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2
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical released into bloodstream to travel around the body

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3
Q

How do hormones only affect certain tissues?

A

Tissues have specific shaped receptors that are complementary to the hormones

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4
Q

Pituitary gland
Found?
3 things secretes?
Known as?

A

The brain
TSH which stimulates thyroids, growth hormones, FSH which stimulates ovaries and testes
Master gland, stimulates other glands

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5
Q

Thyroid
Found?
Controls?
Secretes?

A

Throat
Metabolic rate
Hormones which regulate important aspects of body, such as weight and heart rate

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6
Q

Adrenal
Found?
Secretes? and when?
Does what?

A

Kidneys
Adrenaline in times of fear, excitement and stress
Prepares body for fight/flight

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7
Q

Pancreas
2 things secretes?
Controls?

A

Enzymes for digestion, insulin
Blood glucose

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8
Q

Ovaries
Controls?
Secretes?

A

Menstrual cycle
Oestrogen, controls development of female sexual characteristics

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9
Q

Testes
Controls?
Secretes?

A

Production of sperm
Testosterone, controls development of male sexual characteristics

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10
Q

Negative feedback loop for thyroxine if the level rises?

A

Thyroxine rises–> detected by hypothalamus–> tells pituitary gland to stop producing TSH–> thyroxine level falls–> returns to optimum

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11
Q

TSH stands for?

A

Thyroxine stimulating hormone

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12
Q

Negative feedback loop for thyroxine if the level falls?

A

Thyroxine falls–> detected by hypothalamus–> tells pituitary gland to produce more TSH–> thyroxine level rises–> returns to optimum

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13
Q

4 ways adrenaline affects the body

A

Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, increased mental awareness, glycogen turns to glucose for respiration and energy

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14
Q

3 differences between endocrine and nervous system

A

Endo- uses chemical signals, messages travel relatively slowly, goes all over the body
Nervo- uses electrical impulses, messages travel relatively quickly, goes to part of body needed only

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15
Q

Type 1 diabetes
Caused by?
% of diabetes cases w type 1?
Who?
Symptoms?

A

Immune system destroying cells that produce insulin, body doesn’t produce insulin
10%
Starts in young children/ teenagers
Going to toilet frequently, constant thirst, fatigue, losing weight

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16
Q

Type 2 diabetes
Caused by?
% of diabetes cases w type 2?
Who?
Symptoms?

A

Body cells not responding to insulin
90%
More common in older people, linked to obesity
Going to toilet frequently, constant thirst, fatigue, losing weight

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17
Q

Type 1 diabetes
Treatment?
Cure?

A

Insulin injections, carb counting, carefully planned exercise
Pancreas transplants (not enough donors and still requires medicine) More research into using stem cells

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18
Q

Type 2 diabetes
Treatment?
Cure?

A

Monitor carbs, regular exercise
Drugs or injections that help

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19
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics that people are born with (ovaries/testes)

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20
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics that develop during puberty due to an increase in reproductive hormones

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21
Q

Features of both male and female puberty

A

Growth spurt, pubic hair growth

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22
Q

Features of only male puberty
Features of only female puberty

A

Deeper voice, facial hair, sperm production begins
Breasts develop, hips widen, menstrual cycle begins

23
Q

Menstrual cycle
Day 1-7 is called?
What happens (2) and hormone?
*Day 7-14
What happens and hormone?

A

Menstruation
Bleeding (a period)
Egg matures in ovaries due to FSH
*Lining of uterus thickens due to oestrogen

24
Q

Menstrual cycle
Day 14 is called?
What happens (2) and hormone?
*Day 14-28
What happens and hormone?

A

Ovulation
Mature egg is released due to LH
High chance of pregnancy
*Lining continues to thicken due to progesterone

25
Q

FSH
During what days?
Produced by?
Function?

A

Day 1-7
Pituitary gland
Causes eggs to mature in ovaries, stimulates oestrogen

26
Q

Oestrogen
During what days?
Produced by?
Function?

A

Day 7-14
Ovaries
Causes uterus lining to thicken, stops release of FSH, stimulates LH

27
Q

LH
During what days?
Produced by?
Function?

A

Day 14
Pituitary gland
Stimulates release of egg

28
Q

Progesterone
During what days?
Produced by?
Function?

A

Day 14-28
Ovaries
Maintains uterus lining, stops release of LH and FSH

29
Q

Contraception

A

Preventing the egg and sperm cell meeting or a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus

30
Q

Oral pill (combined)
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone, prevents egg release
Very effective, easy to use
Must remember to take daily, has side effects

31
Q

Oral pill (mini)
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Contains progesterone, no egg release
Very effective, fewer side effects than combined pill
Must remember to take frequently, side effects

32
Q

Implant
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Implant under skin that slowly releases progesterone
Lasts few years, very effective
Side effects

33
Q

Patch
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Stuck to skin, releases progesterone and oestrogen into blood
Replace once a week
Side effects, skin irritation

34
Q

Injections
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Progesterone injected into the arm
Effective
Only last few months, side effects

35
Q

Spermicides
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Gel put in vagina before sex, kills sperm
Readily available
Unreliable

36
Q

Barriers (condoms, diaphragms)
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Prevents sperm meeting egg, placed over penis or cervix
No side effects, some protection from STDs
Can be damaged or let sperm through

37
Q

Intrauterine device (coil)
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Structure inserted into uterus, release progesterone or prevent embryo implanting
Lasts few years, very effective
Infection, period problems

38
Q

Abstinence
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Avoiding intercourse, especially around ovulation
No side effects
Very unreliable

39
Q

Surgeries
What?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Vasectomy, cut and tie sperm ducts; cut and tie oviducts
Effective, permanent
Women need general anaesthetic

40
Q

Reasons for infertility
Male?
Female?
General?

A

Lack of sperm in semen
Sperm not functioning correctly
*Lack of hormones resulting in no ovulation
*Damaged oviducts
-Age, eating disorders

41
Q

Fertility drugs
What form?
What does it contain?
What does that do?

A

Hormonal injections
FSH and LH
Triggers eggs in the ovaries to mature, then triggers ovulation

42
Q

IVF
Stands for?
4 steps?

A

In vitro fertilisation
1. Give mother FSH, stimulate egg to mature, then LH to stimulate ovulation
2. Collect eggs from ovaries
3. Fertilise them with sperm in lab or inject sperm cell directly, leave to form embryos
4. Once developed, one or two are implanted into uterus

43
Q

How has modern technology helped IVF?

A

Microscopy allowed high magnification to work on single cells

44
Q

3 advantages and disadvantages of IVF

A

Ads- Allows infertile people to have their own baby; eggs can be frozen and stored for later in life; genetic screening can take place before implanting
Dis- Expensive; not always successful; increased chance of a multiple pregnancy, increases risk

45
Q

Def?
Tropisms
Phototropism
Gravitropism/ geotropism

A

-Growth of plant roots and shoots in response to light and gravity
-Growth of a plant in response to light
-Growth of a plant in response to gravity

46
Q

What controls plant growth?
Produced where?
Effect on growth in the shoots and roots?

A

Uneven distribution of auxin
Tip of the roots & shoots
Shoots= promotes growth
Roots= inhibits growth

47
Q

Def and example for
Positive phototropism?
Negative phototropism?

A

Towards light e.g shoots
Away from light e.g roots

48
Q

Def and example for
Positive gravitropism?
Negative gravitropism?

A

In the direction of gravity e.g roots
Against gravity e.g shoots

49
Q

In the roots, which side will grow faster?
In the shoots, which side will grow faster?

A

Side with less auxin

Side with more auxin

50
Q

Investigating the growth of plants practical

A

Place 8 seeds in water-soaked cotton wool in a petri dish, repeat 2 more times.
Place one petri dish in full sunlight, one in partial sunlight and one in complete darkness.
Allow the seeds to germinate and make sure each dish has the same number of seeds.
Measure the height of the seeds every day for a week.

51
Q

What 2 sectors can plant hormones be used for?

A

Horticulture and agriculture

52
Q

Uses of auxins?

A

-Rooting powder to encourage growth of clones
-Weed killers, causes cells to grow too quickly and die
-In tissue cultures to help growth

53
Q

Uses of gibberellins?

A

-Brewing industry to end seed dormancy, and speed up germination of barley
-Promote flowering throughout year
-Increase the size of fruit

54
Q

Uses of ethene?

A

-Control the ripening of fruit during transport and storage

Biology (13 decks)

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