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Biology > B4- Organisation in animals and plants > Flashcards

B4- Organisation in animals and plants Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things make up blood?

A

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma

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2
Q

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of phagocytes?

A

Protect the body against infection
*Engulf, digest and destroy bacteria
“Very flexible, contains enzymes

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3
Q

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of lymphocytes?

A

Protect the body against infection
*Produce antibodies or antitoxins
“Neutralises harmful poisons

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4
Q

Function and adaptation of red blood cells

A

*Carry oxygen around the body
“No nucleus more space for haemoglobin, biconcave shape high SA diffusion, carries haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to

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5
Q

Function and adaptation of platelets

A

*To help blood clot at a wound
“Small fragments of cells, no nucleus

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6
Q

Function and adaptation of plasma

A

*Carry blood cells and other substances around the body
“A liquid

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7
Q

Circulatory system
Function?
Consists of?

A

To transport substances around the body. Consists of blood, blood vessels and heart

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8
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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9
Q

Arteries
Function?
3 Features?

A

Carry blood away from heart to other organs
-Thick walls withstand high blood pressure
-Thick elastic fibres stretch and return to normal size
-Narrow lumen creates high blood pressure

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10
Q

Veins
Function?
3 Features?

A

Carry blood to heart
-Thin outer walls as lower pressure
-Valves prevent back flow
-Large lumen for slow flow of blood

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11
Q

Capillaries
Function?
3 Features?

A

Allow gas exchange
-Capillary bed has large sa for faster diffusion
-Walls 1 cell thick for faster diffusion
-Narrow lumen

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12
Q

Describe the movement of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood-vena cava-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta

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13
Q

Double circulatory system

A

One system carries blood between heart and lungs. Other system carries blood between heart and rest of body

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14
Q

Which vessels supply blood to the heart?

A

Coronary artery

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15
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood, keep it in the right direction

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17
Q

Which ventricle has thicker muscle wall and why?

A

Left ventricle to develop pressure to carry blood to the body

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18
Q

Calculation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate(bpm)

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19
Q

Irregular heart rate Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Artificial pacemaker
Electrical device sends impulses so heart contracts
-No side effects, fast recovery
-Requires surgery, affected by electromagnetic fields

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20
Q

Faulty valves (natural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Biological valves
Replaces with animal or human valves, blood flows in one direction
-No back flow of blood or medication required
-Need to be replaced, can harden overtime

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21
Q

Faulty valves (unnatural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Mechanical valves
Replace with metal valves, blood flows in one direction
-Long lasting, strong,
-Can cause blood clots, need medication for this

22
Q

Heart failure treatment (short term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Artificial heart
Pump in chest, controlled by machine
-No tissue damage, short term solution
-Can cause blood clotting, needs surgery

23
Q

Heart failure treatment
(long term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Donor heart transplant
Healthier donor heart replaces failing one
-Good survival, long term solution
-Long waiting list, long recovery

24
Q

Coronary heart disease
(pills)
What?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Statins
Slow rate of fatty deposits
-Reduce chance of heart attack
-Taken for life, small side effects, could forget

25
Q

Coronary heart disease
(surgery)
What?
Ads?
Dis?

A

Stent
Balloon inflates in artery to widen it, metal mesh holds it open
-Short recovery time, relieves symptoms
-Risk of allergic reaction, could damage artery

26
Q

What is coronary heart disease and why is it dangerous?

A

When the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow, due to a build up of fatty deposits. Causes less blood supply to heart, less oxygen to heart, harder to contract, could cause a heart attack.

27
Q

What gases diffuse to where when breathing in and out

A

Breathing in- oxygen diffuses out of lungs into blood
Breathing out- carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into lungs

28
Q

Where are the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and intercostal muscles found?

A

Trachea- windpipe (throat)
Bronchi- two branches from trachea
Bronchioles- smaller branches from bronchi
Alveoli- air sacs at end on bronchioles
Intercostal- outside lungs, close to ribs

29
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts downwards
Ribs move up and out
Lung volume increases
Lung pressure decrease

30
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes upwards
Ribs move down and in
Lung volume decreases
Lung pressure increases

31
Q

5 adaptations of alveoli

A

-In clusters, large sa
-Blood supply from capillaries, steep conc gradient
-1 cell thick lining, short diff distance
-Constant ventilation, steep conc gradient
-Moist lining, dissolve gases

32
Q

Plant organ system
Consists of?
Function?

A

Roots, stem and leaves
Transport substances around the plant

33
Q

Meristem tissue
Function&Adapts

A

Differentiate into any type of cell
Found in growing tips of roots and shoots

34
Q

Epidermal tissue
Function&Adapts

A

Covers surface and protects it
Secretes waxy substance to waterproof leaf, transparent, thin to allow light

35
Q

Palisade mesophyll
Function&Adapts

A

Photosynthesis
Upper leaf, close to sunlight, column shaped so high sa to absorb light, chloroplasts to absorb light

36
Q

Spongy mesophyll
Function&Adapt

A

Make diffusion efficient
Thin membrane so short diffusion pathway, irregular shape to increase sa, loosely packed with air spaces for gas exchange

37
Q

Stomata and Guard cells
Function&Adapt

A

Allows air in to diffuse carbon dioxide in and oxygen out
Small opening over leaf’s surface

38
Q

Xylem
Function&Adapt

A

Carry water & mineral ions from roots to leaves
Dead cells with lignin create hollow, strong tube, no end walls, impermeable to water

39
Q

Phloem
Function&Adapt

A

Carries dissolved food (amino acids) from leaves to growing parts, storage organs
Sieve plates so water moves more freely, mitochondria for energy, living cells

40
Q

Differences between phloem and xylem?
6 for each

A

Phloem: transport food (sugars); travels up and down; living cells; requires energy (has mitochondria); has sieve plates; no lignin
Xylem: transport water and mineral ions; only upwards; dead cells; no energy required; no end walls; lignin for support

41
Q

Transpiration

A

The rate of evaporation of water from the leaf

42
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of food molecules through the phloem to the plant

43
Q

Transpiration stream

A

Movement of water around a plant

44
Q

How to calculate number of stomata in given area

A
  1. Calculate area of field view
  2. Count no. of stomata in given area
  3. Divide no. of stomata by area
45
Q

4 factors that affect rate of transpiration

A

Temperature, humidity, wind, light intensity

46
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

KE of water increases, molecules move faster, increase transpiration

47
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Lower conc gradient between inside and outside of leaf, reduces rate

48
Q

How does wind affect transpiration?

A

Takes water away from outside of leaf, steep conc gradient, increases rate

49
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Guard cells open stomata to take in CO2, when open more water is lost, increases rate

50
Q

3 ways plants control water loss

A

Waxy cuticle- waterproof layer
Wilting- drooping leaves, reduces sa&evaporation
Stomata- closed by guard cells

51
Q

What does a potometer show?

A

Shows uptake of water by a plant, represents water lost by transpiration

52
Q

How does a potometer work?

A

Water evaporates from shoot and drawn through stem through capillary tube. Faster air bubble moves, faster transpiration

Biology (15 decks)

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