Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B4- Organisation in animals and plants > Flashcards

B4- Organisation in animals and plants Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 4 things make up blood?

A

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of phagocytes?

A

Protect the body against infection
*Engulf, digest and destroy bacteria
“Very flexible, contains enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of lymphocytes?

A

Protect the body against infection
*Produce antibodies or antitoxins
“Neutralises harmful poisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function and adaptation of red blood cells

A

*Carry oxygen around the body
“No nucleus, biconcave shape high SA diffusion, carries haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function and adaptation of platelets

A

*To help blood clot at a wound
“Small fragments of cells, no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function and adaptation of plasma

A

*Carry all blood cells and other substances around the body
“A liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Circulatory system
Function?
Consists of?

A

To transport substances around the body. Consists of blood, blood vessels and heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arteries
Function?
3 Features?

A

Carry blood away from heart to other organs
Thick walls withstand high blood pressure
Thick elastic fibres stretch and return to normal size
Narrow lumen creates high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Veins
Function?
3 Features?

A

Carry blood to heart
Thin outer walls as lower pressure
Valves prevent back flow
Large lumen for slow flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Capillaries
Function?
3 Features?

A

Allow gas exchange
Capillary bed has large sa for faster diffusion
Walls 1 cell thick for faster diffusion
Narrow lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the movement of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood-vena cava-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which ventricle has thicker muscle wall?

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calculation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate(bpm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Irregular heart rate Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Artificial pacemaker
Electrical device sends impulses so heart contracts
-No side effects, fast recovery
-Requires surgery, affected by electromagnetic fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Faulty valves (natural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Biological valves
Replaces with animal or human valves, blood flows in one direction
-No back flow of blood or damage to blood cells
-Need to be replaced, can harden overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Faulty valves (unnatural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Mechanical valves
Replace with metal valves, blood flows in one direction
-Long lasting, strong,
-Can cause blood clots, need medication for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heart failure treatment? (short term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Artificial heart
Pump in chest, controlled by machine
-No tissue damage, short term solution
-Can cause blood clotting, needs surgery

20
Q

Heart failure treatment
(long term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Donor heart transplant
Healthier donor heart replaces failing one
-Good survival, long term solution
-Long waiting list, long recovery

21
Q

Coronary heart disease
(pills)

A

Statins
Slow rate of fatty deposition
-Reduce chance of heart attack
-Taken for life, small side effects, could forget

22
Q

Coronary heart disease
(surgery)

A

Stents
Balloon in artery to widen it, mesh hold it open
-Short recovery time, relieve symptoms
-Risk of allergic reaction, could damage artery

23
Q

What gases diffuse to where when breathing in and out

A

Breathing in- oxygen diffuses out of lungs into blood
Breathing out- carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into lungs

24
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts downwards
Ribs move up and out
Lung volume increases
Lung pressure decrease

25
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes upwards
Ribs move down and in
Lung volume decreases
Lung pressure increases

26
Q

5 adaptations of alveoli

A

-In clusters, large sa
-Blood supply from capillaries, steep conc gradient
-1 cell thick lining, short diff distance
-Constant ventilation, steep conc gradient
-Moist lining, dissolve gases

27
Q

Meristem tissue
Function&Adapts

A

Differentiate into any type of cell
Found in growing tips of roots and shoots

28
Q

Epidermal tissue
Function&Adapts

A

Covers surface and protects it
Secretes waxy substance to waterproof leaf, transparent, thin to allow light

29
Q

Palisade mesophyll
Function&Adapts

A

Photosynthesis
Upper leaf, close to sunlight, column shaped so high sa to absorb light, chloroplasts to absorb light

30
Q

Spongy mesophyll
Function&Adapt

A

Make diffusion efficient
Thin membrane so short diffusion pathway, irregular shape to increase sa, loosely packed with air spaces for gas exchange

31
Q

Stomata and Guard cells
Function&Adapt

A

Allows air in to diffuse carbon dioxide in and oxygen out
Small opening over leaf’s surface

32
Q

Xylem
Function&Adapt

A

Carry water and mineral ions from roots to leaves
Dead cells with lignin create hollow, strong tube, no end walls, impermeable to water

33
Q

Phloem
Function&Adapt

A

Carries dissolved food (amino acids) from leaves to growing parts, storage organs
Sieve plates so water moves more freely, mitochondria for energy, living cells

34
Q

Transpiration

A

The rate of evaporation of water from the leaf

35
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of food molecules through the phloem to the plant

36
Q

Transpiration stream

A

Movement of water around a plant

37
Q

How to calculate number of stomata in given area

A
  1. Calculate area of field view
  2. Count no. of stomata in given area
  3. Divide no. of stomata by area
38
Q

4 factors that affect rate of transpiration

A

Temperature, humidity, wind, light intensity

39
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

KE of water increases, molecules move faster, increase transpiration

40
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Lower conc gradient between inside and outside of leaf, reduces rate

41
Q

How does wind affect transpiration?

A

Takes water away from outside of leaf, steep conc gradient, increases rate

42
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Guard cells open stomata to take in CO2, when open more water is lost, increases rate

43
Q

3 ways plants control water loss

A

Waxy cuticle- waterproof layer
Wilting- drooping leaves, reduces sa&evaporation
Stomata- closed by guard cells

44
Q

What does a potometer show?

A

Shows uptake of water by a plant, represents water lost by transpiration

45
Q

How does a potometer work?

A

Water evaporates from shoot and drawn through stem through capillary tube. Faster air bubble moves, faster transpiration

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions