B4- Organisation in animals and plants

Question 1

What 4 things make up blood?

Answer 1

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma

Question 2

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of phagocytes?

Answer 2

Protect the body against infection
*Engulf, digest and destroy bacteria
“Very flexible, contains enzymes

Question 3

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of lymphocytes?

Answer 3

Protect the body against infection
*Produce antibodies or antitoxins
“Neutralises harmful poisons

Question 4

Function and adaptation of red blood cells

Answer 4

*Carry oxygen around the body
“No nucleus, biconcave shape high SA diffusion, carries haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to

Question 5

Function and adaptation of platelets

Answer 5

*To help blood clot at a wound
“Small fragments of cells, no nucleus

Question 6

Function and adaptation of plasma

Answer 6

*Carry all blood cells and other substances around the body
“A liquid

Question 7

Circulatory system
Function?
Consists of?

Answer 7

To transport substances around the body. Consists of blood, blood vessels and heart

Question 8

3 types of blood vessels

Answer 8

Arteries, veins, capillaries

Question 9

Arteries
Function?
3 Features?

Answer 9

Carry blood away from heart to other organs
Thick walls withstand high blood pressure
Thick elastic fibres stretch and return to normal size
Narrow lumen creates high blood pressure

Question 10

Veins
Function?
3 Features?

Answer 10

Carry blood to heart
Thin outer walls as lower pressure
Valves prevent back flow
Large lumen for slow flow of blood

Question 11

Capillaries
Function?
3 Features?

Answer 11

Allow gas exchange
Capillary bed has large sa for faster diffusion
Walls 1 cell thick for faster diffusion
Narrow lumen

Question 12

Describe the movement of blood through the heart

Answer 12

Deoxygenated blood-vena cava-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta

Question 13

Where are pacemaker cells found?

Answer 13

Right atrium

Question 14

Which ventricle has thicker muscle wall?

Answer 14

Left ventricle

Question 15

Calculation for cardiac output

Answer 15

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate(bpm)

Question 16

Irregular heart rate Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Answer 16

Artificial pacemaker
Electrical device sends impulses so heart contracts
-No side effects, fast recovery
-Requires surgery, affected by electromagnetic fields

Question 17

Faulty valves (natural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Answer 17

Biological valves
Replaces with animal or human valves, blood flows in one direction
-No back flow of blood or damage to blood cells
-Need to be replaced, can harden overtime

Question 18

Faulty valves (unnatural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Answer 18

Mechanical valves
Replace with metal valves, blood flows in one direction
-Long lasting, strong,
-Can cause blood clots, need medication for this

Question 19

Heart failure treatment? (short term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Answer 19

Artificial heart
Pump in chest, controlled by machine
-No tissue damage, short term solution
-Can cause blood clotting, needs surgery

Question 20

Heart failure treatment
(long term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Answer 20

Donor heart transplant
Healthier donor heart replaces failing one
-Good survival, long term solution
-Long waiting list, long recovery

Question 21

Coronary heart disease
(pills)
What?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Answer 21

Statins
Slow rate of fatty deposition
-Reduce chance of heart attack
-Taken for life, small side effects, could forget

Question 22

Coronary heart disease
(surgery)
What?
Ads?
Dis?

Answer 22

Stents
Balloon in artery to widen it, mesh hold it open
-Short recovery time, relieve symptoms
-Risk of allergic reaction, could damage artery

Question 23

What gases diffuse to where when breathing in and out

Answer 23

Breathing in- oxygen diffuses out of lungs into blood
Breathing out- carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into lungs

Question 24

What happens during inhalation?

Answer 24

Intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts downwards
Ribs move up and out
Lung volume increases
Lung pressure decrease

Question 25

What happens during exhalation?

Answer 25

Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes upwards
Ribs move down and in
Lung volume decreases
Lung pressure increases

Question 26

5 adaptations of alveoli

Answer 26

-In clusters, large sa
-Blood supply from capillaries, steep conc gradient
-1 cell thick lining, short diff distance
-Constant ventilation, steep conc gradient
-Moist lining, dissolve gases

Question 27

Meristem tissue
Function&Adapts

Answer 27

Differentiate into any type of cell
Found in growing tips of roots and shoots

Question 28

Epidermal tissue
Function&Adapts

Answer 28

Covers surface and protects it
Secretes waxy substance to waterproof leaf, transparent, thin to allow light

Question 29

Palisade mesophyll
Function&Adapts

Answer 29

Photosynthesis
Upper leaf, close to sunlight, column shaped so high sa to absorb light, chloroplasts to absorb light

Question 30

Spongy mesophyll
Function&Adapt

Answer 30

Make diffusion efficient
Thin membrane so short diffusion pathway, irregular shape to increase sa, loosely packed with air spaces for gas exchange

Question 31

Stomata and Guard cells
Function&Adapt

Answer 31

Allows air in to diffuse carbon dioxide in and oxygen out
Small opening over leaf’s surface

Question 32

Xylem
Function&Adapt

Answer 32

Carry water and mineral ions from roots to leaves
Dead cells with lignin create hollow, strong tube, no end walls, impermeable to water

Question 33

Phloem
Function&Adapt

Answer 33

Carries dissolved food (amino acids) from leaves to growing parts, storage organs
Sieve plates so water moves more freely, mitochondria for energy, living cells

Question 34

Differences between phloem and xylem?
6 for each

Answer 34

Phloem: transport food (sugars); travels up and down; living cells; requires energy (has mitochondria); has sieve plates; no lignin
Xylem: transport water and mineral ions; only upwards; dead cells; no energy required; no end walls; lignin for support

Question 35

Transpiration

Answer 35

The rate of evaporation of water from the leaf

Question 36

Translocation

Answer 36

Movement of food molecules through the phloem to the plant

Question 37

Transpiration stream

Answer 37

Movement of water around a plant

Question 38

How to calculate number of stomata in given area

Answer 38

1. Calculate area of field view
2. Count no. of stomata in given area
3. Divide no. of stomata by area

Question 39

4 factors that affect rate of transpiration

Answer 39

Temperature, humidity, wind, light intensity

Question 40

How does temperature affect transpiration?

Answer 40

KE of water increases, molecules move faster, increase transpiration

Question 41

How does humidity affect transpiration?

Answer 41

Lower conc gradient between inside and outside of leaf, reduces rate

Question 42

How does wind affect transpiration?

Answer 42

Takes water away from outside of leaf, steep conc gradient, increases rate

Question 43

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

Answer 43

Guard cells open stomata to take in CO2, when open more water is lost, increases rate

Question 44

3 ways plants control water loss

Answer 44

Waxy cuticle- waterproof layer
Wilting- drooping leaves, reduces sa&evaporation
Stomata- closed by guard cells

Question 45

What does a potometer show?

Answer 45

Shows uptake of water by a plant, represents water lost by transpiration

Question 46

How does a potometer work?

Answer 46

Water evaporates from shoot and drawn through stem through capillary tube. Faster air bubble moves, faster transpiration