B4- Organisation in animals and plants Flashcards by Lottie Savina

What 4 things make up blood?

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma

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Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of phagocytes?

Protect the body against infection
*Engulf, digest and destroy bacteria
“Very flexible, contains enzymes

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Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of lymphocytes?

Protect the body against infection
*Produce antibodies or antitoxins
“Neutralises harmful poisons

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Function and adaptation of red blood cells

*Carry oxygen around the body
“No nucleus more space for haemoglobin, biconcave shape high SA diffusion, carries haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to

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Function and adaptation of platelets

*To help blood clot at a wound
“Small fragments of cells, no nucleus

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Function and adaptation of plasma

*Carry blood cells and other substances around the body
“A liquid

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Circulatory system
Function?
Consists of?

To transport substances around the body. Consists of blood, blood vessels and heart

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3 types of blood vessels

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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Arteries
Function?
3 Features?

Carry blood away from heart to other organs
-Thick walls withstand high blood pressure
-Thick elastic fibres stretch and return to normal size
-Narrow lumen creates high blood pressure

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Veins
Function?
3 Features?

Carry blood to heart
-Thin outer walls as lower pressure
-Valves prevent back flow
-Large lumen for slow flow of blood

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Capillaries
Function?
3 Features?

Allow gas exchange
-Capillary bed has large sa for faster diffusion
-Walls 1 cell thick for faster diffusion
-Narrow lumen

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Describe the movement of blood through the heart

Deoxygenated blood-vena cava-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta

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Double circulatory system

One side of heart carries blood between heart and lungs. Other side of heart carries blood between heart and rest of body

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Which vessels supply blood to the heart?

Coronary artery

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Where are pacemaker cells found?

Right atrium

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What do valves do?

Prevent the backflow of blood, keep it in the right direction

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Which ventricle has thicker muscle wall and why?

Left ventricle to develop pressure to carry blood to the body

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Calculation for cardiac output

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate(bpm)

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Irregular heart rate Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Artificial pacemaker
Electrical device sends impulses so heart contracts
-No side effects, fast recovery
-Requires surgery, affected by electromagnetic fields

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Faulty valves (natural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Biological valves
Replaces with animal or human valves, blood flows in one direction
-No back flow of blood or medication required
-Need to be replaced, can harden overtime

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Faulty valves (unnatural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Mechanical valves
Replace with metal valves, blood flows in one direction
-Long lasting, strong,
-Can cause blood clots, need medication for this

Heart failure treatment (short term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Artificial heart
Pump in chest, controlled by machine
-No tissue damage, short term solution
-Can cause blood clotting, needs surgery

Heart failure treatment
(long term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Donor heart transplant
Healthier donor heart replaces failing one
-Good survival, long term solution
-Long waiting list, long recovery

Coronary heart disease
(pills)
What?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Statins
Slow rate of fatty deposits
-Reduce chance of heart attack
-Taken for life, small side effects, could forget

Coronary heart disease (surgery) What? Ads? Dis?

Stent Balloon inflates in artery to widen it, metal mesh holds it open -Short recovery time, relieves symptoms -Risk of allergic reaction, could damage artery

What is coronary heart disease and why is it dangerous?

When the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow, due to a build up of fatty deposits. Causes less blood supply to heart, less oxygen to heart, harder to contract, could cause a heart attack.

What gases diffuse to where when breathing in and out

Breathing in- oxygen diffuses out of lungs into blood Breathing out- carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into lungs

Where are the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and intercostal muscles found?

Trachea- windpipe (throat) Bronchi- two branches from trachea Bronchioles- smaller branches from bronchi Alveoli- air sacs at end on bronchioles Intercostal- outside lungs, close to ribs

What happens during inhalation?

Intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts downwards Ribs move up and out Lung volume increases Lung pressure decrease

What happens during exhalation?

Intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes upwards Ribs move down and in Lung volume decreases Lung pressure increases

5 adaptations of alveoli

-In clusters, large sa -Blood supply from capillaries, steep conc gradient -1 cell thick lining, short diff distance -Constant ventilation, steep conc gradient -Moist lining, dissolve gases

Plant organ system Consists of? Function?

Roots, stem and leaves Transport substances around the plant

Meristem tissue Function&Adapts

Differentiate into any type of cell Found in growing tips of roots and shoots

Epidermal tissue Function&Adapts

Covers surface and protects it Secretes waxy substance to waterproof leaf, transparent, thin to allow light

Palisade mesophyll Function&Adapts

Photosynthesis Upper leaf, close to sunlight, column shaped so high sa to absorb light, chloroplasts to absorb light

Spongy mesophyll Function&Adapt

Make diffusion efficient Thin membrane so short diffusion pathway, irregular shape to increase sa, loosely packed with air spaces for gas exchange

Stomata and Guard cells Function&Adapt

Allows air in to diffuse carbon dioxide in and oxygen out Small opening over leaf's surface

Xylem Function&Adapt

Carry water & mineral ions from roots to leaves Dead cells with lignin create hollow, strong tube, no end walls, impermeable to water

Phloem Function&Adapt

Carries dissolved food (amino acids) from leaves to growing parts, storage organs Sieve plates so water moves more freely, mitochondria for energy, living cells

Differences between phloem and xylem? 6 for each

Phloem: transport food (sugars); travels up and down; living cells; requires energy (has mitochondria); has sieve plates; no lignin Xylem: transport water and mineral ions; only upwards; dead cells; no energy required; no end walls; lignin for support

Transpiration

The rate of evaporation of water from the leaf

Translocation

Movement of food molecules through the phloem to the plant

Transpiration stream

Movement of water around a plant

How to calculate number of stomata in given area

1. Calculate area of field view 2. Count no. of stomata in given area 3. Divide no. of stomata by area

4 factors that affect rate of transpiration

Temperature, humidity, wind, light intensity

How does temperature affect transpiration?

KE of water increases, molecules move faster, increase transpiration

How does humidity affect transpiration?

Lower conc gradient between inside and outside of leaf, reduces rate

How does wind affect transpiration?

Takes water away from outside of leaf, steep conc gradient, increases rate

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

Guard cells open stomata to take in CO2, when open more water is lost, increases rate

3 ways plants control water loss

Waxy cuticle- waterproof layer Wilting- drooping leaves, reduces sa&evaporation Stomata- closed by guard cells

What does a potometer show?

Shows uptake of water by a plant, represents water lost by transpiration

How does a potometer work?

Water evaporates from shoot and drawn through stem through capillary tube. Faster air bubble moves, faster transpiration