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Biology > B4- Organisation in animals and plants > Flashcards

B4- Organisation in animals and plants Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What 4 things make up blood?

A

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma

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2
Q

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of phagocytes?

A

Protect the body against infection
*Engulf, digest and destroy bacteria
“Very flexible, contains enzymes

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3
Q

Function of white blood cells?
Function and adaptation of lymphocytes?

A

Protect the body against infection
*Produce antibodies or antitoxins
“Neutralises harmful poisons

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4
Q

Function and adaptation of red blood cells

A

*Carry oxygen around the body
“No nucleus more space for haemoglobin, biconcave shape high SA diffusion, carries haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to

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5
Q

Function and adaptation of platelets

A

*To help blood clot at a wound
“Small fragments of cells, no nucleus

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6
Q

Function and adaptation of plasma

A

*Carry blood cells and other substances around the body
“A liquid

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7
Q

Circulatory system
Function?
Consists of?

A

To transport substances around the body. Consists of blood, blood vessels and heart

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8
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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9
Q

Arteries
Function?
3 Features?

A

Carry blood away from heart to other organs
-Thick walls withstand high blood pressure
-Thick elastic fibres stretch and return to normal size
-Narrow lumen creates high blood pressure

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10
Q

Veins
Function?
3 Features?

A

Carry blood to heart
-Thin outer walls as lower pressure
-Valves prevent back flow
-Large lumen for slow flow of blood

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11
Q

Capillaries
Function?
3 Features?

A

Allow gas exchange
-Capillary bed has large sa for faster diffusion
-Walls 1 cell thick for faster diffusion
-Narrow lumen

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12
Q

Describe the movement of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood-vena cava-right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary artery.
Oxygenated blood-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta

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13
Q

Double circulatory system

A

One side of heart carries blood between heart and lungs. Other side of heart carries blood between heart and rest of body

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14
Q

Which vessels supply blood to the heart?

A

Coronary artery

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15
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood, keep it in the right direction

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17
Q

Which ventricle has thicker muscle wall and why?

A

Left ventricle to develop pressure to carry blood to the body

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18
Q

Calculation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate(bpm)

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19
Q

Irregular heart rate Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Artificial pacemaker
Electrical device sends impulses so heart contracts
-No side effects, fast recovery
-Requires surgery, affected by electromagnetic fields

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20
Q

Faulty valves (natural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

A

Biological valves
Replaces with animal or human valves, blood flows in one direction
-No back flow of blood or medication required
-Need to be replaced, can harden overtime

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21
Q

Faulty valves (unnatural)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mechanical valves
Replace with metal valves, blood flows in one direction
-Long lasting, strong,
-Can cause blood clots, need medication for this

22
Q

Heart failure treatment (short term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Artificial heart
Pump in chest, controlled by machine
-No tissue damage, short term solution
-Can cause blood clotting, needs surgery

23
Q

Heart failure treatment
(long term)
Treatment?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Donor heart transplant
Healthier donor heart replaces failing one
-Good survival, long term solution
-Long waiting list, long recovery

24
Q

Coronary heart disease
(pills)
What?
How?
Ad?
Dis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Statins
Slow rate of fatty deposits
-Reduce chance of heart attack
-Taken for life, small side effects, could forget

25
Coronary heart disease (surgery) What? Ads? Dis?
Stent Balloon inflates in artery to widen it, metal mesh holds it open -Short recovery time, relieves symptoms -Risk of allergic reaction, could damage artery
26
What is coronary heart disease and why is it dangerous?
When the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow, due to a build up of fatty deposits. Causes less blood supply to heart, less oxygen to heart, harder to contract, could cause a heart attack.
27
What gases diffuse to where when breathing in and out
Breathing in- oxygen diffuses out of lungs into blood Breathing out- carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into lungs
28
Where are the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and intercostal muscles found?
Trachea- windpipe (throat) Bronchi- two branches from trachea Bronchioles- smaller branches from bronchi Alveoli- air sacs at end on bronchioles Intercostal- outside lungs, close to ribs
29
What happens during inhalation?
Intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts downwards Ribs move up and out Lung volume increases Lung pressure decrease
30
What happens during exhalation?
Intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes upwards Ribs move down and in Lung volume decreases Lung pressure increases
31
5 adaptations of alveoli
-In clusters, large sa -Blood supply from capillaries, steep conc gradient -1 cell thick lining, short diff distance -Constant ventilation, steep conc gradient -Moist lining, dissolve gases
32
Plant organ system Consists of? Function?
Roots, stem and leaves Transport substances around the plant
33
Meristem tissue Function&Adapts
Differentiate into any type of cell Found in growing tips of roots and shoots
34
Epidermal tissue Function&Adapts
Covers surface and protects it Secretes waxy substance to waterproof leaf, transparent, thin to allow light
35
Palisade mesophyll Function&Adapts
Photosynthesis Upper leaf, close to sunlight, column shaped so high sa to absorb light, chloroplasts to absorb light
36
Spongy mesophyll Function&Adapt
Make diffusion efficient Thin membrane so short diffusion pathway, irregular shape to increase sa, loosely packed with air spaces for gas exchange
37
Stomata and Guard cells Function&Adapt
Allows air in to diffuse carbon dioxide in and oxygen out Small opening over leaf's surface
38
Xylem Function&Adapt
Carry water & mineral ions from roots to leaves Dead cells with lignin create hollow, strong tube, no end walls, impermeable to water
39
Phloem Function&Adapt
Carries dissolved food (amino acids) from leaves to growing parts, storage organs Sieve plates so water moves more freely, mitochondria for energy, living cells
40
Differences between phloem and xylem? 6 for each
Phloem: transport food (sugars); travels up and down; living cells; requires energy (has mitochondria); has sieve plates; no lignin Xylem: transport water and mineral ions; only upwards; dead cells; no energy required; no end walls; lignin for support
41
Transpiration
The rate of evaporation of water from the leaf
42
Translocation
Movement of food molecules through the phloem to the plant
43
Transpiration stream
Movement of water around a plant
44
How to calculate number of stomata in given area
1. Calculate area of field view 2. Count no. of stomata in given area 3. Divide no. of stomata by area
45
4 factors that affect rate of transpiration
Temperature, humidity, wind, light intensity
46
How does temperature affect transpiration?
KE of water increases, molecules move faster, increase transpiration
47
How does humidity affect transpiration?
Lower conc gradient between inside and outside of leaf, reduces rate
48
How does wind affect transpiration?
Takes water away from outside of leaf, steep conc gradient, increases rate
49
How does light intensity affect transpiration?
Guard cells open stomata to take in CO2, when open more water is lost, increases rate
50
3 ways plants control water loss
Waxy cuticle- waterproof layer Wilting- drooping leaves, reduces sa&evaporation Stomata- closed by guard cells
51
What does a potometer show?
Shows uptake of water by a plant, represents water lost by transpiration
52
How does a potometer work?
Water evaporates from shoot and drawn through stem through capillary tube. Faster air bubble moves, faster transpiration

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