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Biology > B1- Cell structure and transport > Flashcards

B1- Cell structure and transport Flashcards

1
Q

Magnification

A

How large an object will appear compared to it’s actual size

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2
Q

Resolution

A

The smallest distance that two objects can be seen as apart

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3
Q

Image size equation

A

Image size= actual size x magnification

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4
Q

Light microscope
Developed?
Uses what?
Magnification?
Expense?
Resolving power?

A

-Developed first
-Uses a beam of light
-X2000
-Cheaper
-Lower

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5
Q

Electron microscope
Developed?
Uses what?
Magnification?
Expense?
Resolving power?

A

-Developed later
-Uses beam of electrons
-X2,000,000
-Expensive, hard to care for
-Higher

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6
Q

How to use a microscope

A

Drop of water on slide, flat slice of onion, drops of iodine, dab excess with paper towel. Lower coverslip with mounted needle. Place on stage and use arms to hold. Lowest objective lens first. Coarse focus then fine focus.

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7
Q

Sub cellular structures in animals and plant cells

A

Animal- nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome
Plant- nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast

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8
Q

Def..
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Cell membrane?
Mitochondria?

A

Controls the activities of the cell and contain genetic info
Substance where chemical reactions take place
Controls movement of substances in & out of cell
Aerobic takes place, releases energy

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9
Q

Def..
Ribosome?
Cell wall?
Vacuole?
Chloroplast?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place
Strengthens cell with cellulose
Filled w cell sap to keep cell rigid
Contain chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What do chloroplasts, ribosomes and mitochondria look like in a diagram?

A

Green ovals
Joined/close together dots/ovals
Ovals may have zigzags

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11
Q

Examples of eukaryotes and prokaryotes cells?

A

Prokaryotes- bacteria
Eukaryotes- animal, plant, fungi

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12
Q

Prokaryotes 8 features

A

Has cell membrane and cytoplasm, no nucleus, circular DNA loop, could have plasmids (extra rings of DNA) or flagella, smaller, uni-cellular

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13
Q

Eukaryotes 6 features

A

Has nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm, DNA in nucleus, larger, uni or multi cellular

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14
Q

Similar features of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Contain DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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15
Q

How to calculate orders of magnitude

A

If bigger number divided by smaller number is close to 10=1 order, close to 100=2 orders

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16
Q

Specialised cell definition

A

Cell that has an adapted structure to perform a specific function

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17
Q

Red blood cell
Adaptations and Functions

A

No nucleus, biconcave, contains haemoglobin
Collect oxygen from lungs and carry around body

18
Q

Egg cell
Adaptations and Functions

A

Has nucleus, round shape, mitochondria
To be fertilised and develop into foetus

19
Q

Sperm cell
Adaptations and Functions

A

Streamline shape, flagellum, mitochondria, nucleus
To swim and fertilise egg

20
Q

Nerve cell
Adaptations and Functions

A

Long thin axon, millions of nerve endings, mitochondria
Send and receive electrical messages

21
Q

Root hair cell
Adaptations and Functions

A

Large epidermal extension increase sa, lots of mitochondria for active transport
Absorb water, take in minerals

22
Q

Xylem
Adaptations and Functions

A

Thickened walls, hollow tube, dead cells, lignin walls
Carry water, dissolved minerals from roots to leaves

23
Q

Phloem
Adaptations and Functions

A

Living cells, sieve plates, no end walls
Carry dissolved sugars and amino acids around

24
Q

Striated muscle cell
Adaptations and Functions

A

Long thin shape when relaxed but short fat when tight, store glycogen, can be broken down for energy
Control movements in the body, contract & relax

25
Q

Diffusion definition
How long does it occur?

A

Movement of particles from an area of high conc to area of low conc
Move until equilibrium

26
Q

Net movement equation?

A

Particles moving in- particles moving out

27
Q

4 Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature, distance, surface area, conc gradient

28
Q

SA:Volume ratio in different sized animals

A

Large animal-small ratio
Small animal-large ratio

29
Q

Examples of diffusion
2 human, 1 plant

A

Food molecules-Small intestine to blood
Oxygen-Alveoli to blood
Water-Soil to plant roots

30
Q

Osmosis definition

A

Diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

31
Q

Water and solute in…
Dilute solution?
Concentrated solution?

A

High conc of water, low conc of solute
Low conc of water, high conc of solute

32
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with small holes to only let through water

33
Q

What happens when an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

-High conc of water, low conc of solute inside cell
-Water moves out of cell
-Cell shrivells

34
Q

What happens when an animal cell is placed in a isotonic solution?

A

-Same conc of water and solute inside cell
-No movement of water
-Cell unchanged

35
Q

What happens when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

-High conc of water, low conc of solute outside cell
-Water moves into cell
-Cell swells and bursts

36
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The loss of water from a plant cell by osmosis

37
Q

Turgor

A

The pressure against the cell wall, when a cell contains lots of water

38
Q

What state will a plant cell be in a hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic-plasmolysed
Isotonic- flaccid
Hypotonic-turgid (normal)

39
Q

How to investigate osmosis in plant cells?

A

-Measure 30cm3 distilled water in boiling tube
-Measure and label 30cm3 sucrose solution, conc 0.4, 0.8, 1.2mol/dm in three other tubes
-Use a cork borer to create 4 potato cylinders then use a scalpel and ruler to make them 3cm
-Weigh each cylinder and record the mass
-Put each in a boiling tube, leave for 1 hour
-Take potatoes out and roll gently on paper towel
-Record their new mass and calculate change
-Repeat experiment and calculate mean to improve accuracy

40
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution using energy

41
Q

Examples of active transport in plants and animals

A

Plants- Root hair cell, ions in soil to the cell
Animals- Human gut, glucose from intestine to blood

Biology (15 decks)

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