B6- Preventing and treating disease

Question 1

Vaccine

Answer 1

An injection containing a dead or weakened pathogen

Question 2

Process of vaccination in the body

Answer 2

1. Vaccine with dead or weakened pathogen
2. White cells produce antibodies, bind to dead pathogen’s antigen
3. Person doesn’t feel ill as pathogen is dead
4. Memory cells remain

Question 3

Concentration of antibody after infections

Answer 3

Initial exposure, lymphocytes produce antibodies. Second exposure, memory cells quickly produce a large amount

Question 4

Herd immunity

Answer 4

Large proportion of the population is immune to a disease, spread of the pathogen is reduced

Question 5

Vaccines
Ad and dis

Answer 5

Ad- low chance of getting infectious disease, prevents epidemics, save money on treatment
Dis- possible adverse reactions or side effects, against some beliefs

Question 6

Pain killers and example

Answer 6

Relieve pain and symptoms but don’t kill pathogens eg. paracetamol, ibruprofen

Question 7

Antibiotics and example

Answer 7

Kill bacteria but can’t be used on viral infections eg. penicillin, amoxicillin

Question 8

What happened after antibiotics became widely available?
Why don’t antibiotics destroy viruses?

Answer 8

Number of deaths rapidly decreased
Viruses replicate inside cells, hard to damage virus without body cells

Question 9

2 ways antibiotics work

Answer 9

1. Stop bacteria from building cell walls
2. Stop bacteria’s DNA replicating

Question 10

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 10

Bacteria strains evolving so antibiotics no longer have an effect

Question 11

3 ways to prevent resistant bacteria

Answer 11

1.Don’t take them for minor or viral infections
2.Finish antibiotic course
3. Use correct type of antibiotic for infection

Question 12

3 drugs that came from plants and microorganisms
Where from?
Does what?

Answer 12

Aspirin- Willow trees, painkiller
Penicillin- Fungus mould, antibiotic
Digitalis- Foxgloves, strengthens heartbeat

Question 13

Antibiotics
Discovered by?
First one?
How?

Answer 13

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Cultures of bacteria dies after contaminated by fungus, grew it after

Question 14

Starting point for most drugs?
Why is it hard to find medicines?
What fruit has potential antibiotic properties

Answer 14

Chemicals extracted from a plant
Most kill human cells
Noni fruit (Costa Rica)

Question 15

4 things a good medicine needs to be and what does it mean

Answer 15

Effective- prevent, cure disease or feel better
Safe- not toxic, little side effects
Stable-stored long time
Dosage- effective conc

Question 16

3 things new drugs are tested for

Answer 16

Efficacy, toxicity, dosage

Question 17

Pre-clinical drug stage
What tested?
Aim?

Answer 17

Cells/tissue
Level of toxicity at a cellular level
Animals
Efficacy and toxicity

Question 18

Clinical phase 1 drug stage
What tested?
Aim?

Answer 18

Small group of healthy volunteers
Low doses tested for side effects

Question 19

Clinical phase 2 drug stage
What tested?
Aim?

Answer 19

Small group of patients
Test for effectiveness

Question 20

Clinical phase 3 drug stage
What tested?
Aim?

Answer 20

Larger group of patients
Confirm effectiveness and test for optimum dose

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

A medicine that does not contain the active drug

Question 22

Double blind trial
Definition?
Why is it helpful?

Answer 22

Neither the doctor nor patient know the medicine they have
Removes bias and makes results valid

Question 23

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 23

Large number of identical antibodies produced by cloned cells

Question 24

How are monoclonal antibodies created

Answer 24

Lymphocytes that produce a specific antibody are isolated, then combined with tumour cells to form a hybridoma cell. They divide to produce clones, that are purified to produce monoclonal antibodies

Question 25

Uses for monoclonal antibodies

Answer 25

1.Pregnancy tests
2. Treating disease
3. Diagnosing disease
4. Monitoring hormones
5. Research

Question 26

How pregnancy tests work for a positive result

Answer 26

Pregnancy urine contains hCG, that binds with mobile antibodies, and they both bind to the first set of immobile antibodies changing colour. Excess mobile antibodies bind to the immobilised antibodies on the control strip that changes colour.

Question 27

Monoclonal antibodies Ads and Dis

Answer 27

Ad- Healthy cells not affected, potential to be cheap, can treat a wide range of conditions
Dis- Hard to produce, expensive, created more side effects than expected

Question 28

3 ways monoclonal antibodies treat cancer

Answer 28

1.Stimulate immune system to recognise, attack and destroy cancer cells
2.Stop cancer cell dividing
3.Carry drugs that directly stop division