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Biology > B7- Non-communicable diseases > Flashcards

B7- Non-communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

cannot be passed fro one individual to another ,

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2
Q

List the factors for non-communicable disases

A

genes
ages
-aspects of life such as smoking , lack of exercise
-substances presenrt in the environemnt like ionising radiation , uv light from sun or second-hand tobacco smoke .

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3
Q

what is ionising radiation an example of

A

carcinogens

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4
Q

what are carcinogens

A

carcinogens are agens that cause cancer or significanlty increase the risk of developing cancer .

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5
Q

what are casual mechanisms

A

casual mechnisms explain how one factor can influence another through a biological process .

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6
Q

what does it mean if a casual mechanism cna be demonstrated

A

there is a link between the non-communicable diseases .

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7
Q

example of casual mechanism

A

lung disease with life-style factor smoking

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8
Q

what is a correlation

A

relatioship between twwo non-communicable diseases .

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9
Q

what does a correlation NOT do

A

prove one thing is a cause of another .

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10
Q

how can a non-communicable disease impact someone financially

A

if a wage-earner gets ill and cannot work , no income

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11
Q

how does the local comuntiy get affected if somone gets ill

A

local communities bear the cost of supporting people who are ill , whether formally through taxes or taking care of affected families .

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12
Q

how disease cost nations huge sums of moeny

A

expnses andd treating ill people

loss of monney earned when large number of the population are ill .

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13
Q

how does diseases effect the global economy

A

when disease affect wroking-age population .

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14
Q

what disease affects more people , non-communicable of communicable

A

non-communicble so have the greatest effect at both humans and economc levels .

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15
Q

what tells cells to divide nd when to stop dividing

A

genes in the nucleus cell

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16
Q

what happens when the genes in the nucleues change

A

it can lead to uncontolled mitosis and growth producing a tumour .

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17
Q

when does a tumour form

A

a tumour forms when cells in the body divide and grow at an excessive rate.

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18
Q

what are the two types of tumours

A

benign and malignant

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19
Q

what are benign tumours

A

are growths of abnormal cells which are found in one area .

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20
Q

where are benign tumours contained

A

within a membrane - in a layer of covering cells

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21
Q

what is specific about Benign tumours (compared to malignant)

A

Belign tumours do not invade other parts of they body . They stay in one place .

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22
Q

What are Malignant tumours

A

malignant cells invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream .

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23
Q

what are malignant tumours classed as why ?

A

Malignant tumours are classed as cncer , once in the bloodstream , the malignant cells spread to different parts of the body and they form new tumours .

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24
Q

What are the new tumours malignant tumours form called

A

secondary tumours

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25
Q

list the risk factors for cancer

A

genetics
lifestyle
substances in the environent

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26
Q

give three examples of cancers linked to genetics

A

certin types of breast cancer , prostate cancer and large intestine cancer .

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27
Q

give three examples of cancers linked to lifestyle

A

smoking-lung cancer
UV light-skin cancer
Alchohol-mouth and throat cancer .

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28
Q

what is radon , how is it linked to cancer

A

radon is a radioactive gas which increases the risk of developing lung cancer .

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29
Q

How does radon CAUSE cancer

A

radon releases ionising radiation which damages the DNA in our cells .
This can cuse our cells to undergo uncontrolled cell division , leading to cancer.

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30
Q

how much cancer is caused by virus and give examples

A

15% of human cancers are caused by virus inections , e.g cervical cancer almost always as the result of infection of HPV .

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31
Q

what are the two ways used to treat cancer

A

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

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32
Q

How does Radiotherapy work

A

When cancer cells are destroed by targeed doses of radiation . This stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells . Methods of delivering different typed of radiation in very targeted eays are improving cure rates .

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33
Q

How does chemotherapy work

A

where chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cell dividing or make them @self destruct@ . There are many different types of chemotherapy and scientiists are working to make them as specific to cancer cells as possible .

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34
Q

why is nicotine bad (explain)

A

nicotine is an addicitve drug , it raises the heart beat and narrows the arteries and so , causes high blood pressure . This leads to heart disease .

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35
Q

why is tar bad (explain)

A

Tar , which coats the linin gof lungs , making htem less able to take in oxygen . It also congtints carcinogens which cause cancer .

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36
Q

why is carbon monoxide bad

A

carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas , which joins up with red blood cells makes them incapable of transporting oxygen around the body.

37
Q

why is smoking during pregnancy bad (explained)

A

Oxygen shortage is a big problem in pregant women who smoke . During pregnancy , a woman is carrying oxygen for her developing getus ,
if the mother’s blood is carrying carbon monoxide , the fetus may not get enoguh oxygen to grow properly
This can lead to premature bitrhs , low birthweight abbies and still babies .

38
Q

what type of tumour causes cancer

A

malignant

39
Q

how can you reduce a risk factor for cancer ?

A

One of the risks is Ionising radiaiton , UV light from the sun , you could wear sunscreen to block the usnlight from penetrating your skin .

40
Q

what is nicotine

A

an addictive substance found n tobacco

41
Q

what is carbon monoxide

A

poisonous gas found in tobacco

42
Q

what is tar

A

sticky black chemical that you get as a result of smoking

43
Q

what does nicotine do to you

A

nicotine is addicitve , causes the heart to beat faster but a harmless drug , ot produces a sense of calm and well - being .

44
Q

what does carbon monoxie to the body , why are smokers breathless during exercise ?

A

it takes up oxygen carrying cpacity , why smokers are breathless during exercise

45
Q

how much of the blood will be carrying carboon monoxide after smoking

A

10%

46
Q

why is smoking during pregnancy bad , what gas causes this .

A

Oxygen shortage is a porblem :
Rhe pregant women is carrying ocygen for the fetus an herself , if she is carrying CARBON MONOXIDE , the fetus won;t be getting enough oxygen to grow .

47
Q

what can smoking during pregnancy lead to

A

premature births
low birth weight bies
still births

48
Q

how does smoking effect the cillia , what does this do / increase the risk of

A

cillia in the trachea and bronchi are anaesthetisied by chemicals in tobacco smoke .

  • They stop working allowing dirt and pathogens down into the lungs increasing the risk of infections .
  • Mucus build up causes coughing .
49
Q

What does tar do to the bbody

A

tar accumulates in the blood turning them from pink to black . Tar can make smokers likely to develop BRONCHITIS .

50
Q

What is COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease .

51
Q

how does tar cause copd

A

Build up of tar in the delicate lung tissue can lead to the brreakdown of the structure of the alveoli causing Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease .

52
Q

how is tar linked to lung cancer

A

tar is also a carcinogen , it acgt on the tissues of the lungs greatly increasing the risk of lung cancer developing .

53
Q

How does smoking effet the heart

A

smoking narrows the blood vessels

54
Q

what does nicotine do to the heart

A

nicotine makes the heart rate increase and other chemicals damage the lining of the arteres , increasing the risk of CORONARY Heart disease DISEASE and clot formation .

55
Q

what could chemicals in cigarretes do to the heart

A

it can increase blood pressure .

56
Q

what causes stroke and heart disease

A

combination of things said about the heart .

57
Q

what is insulin

A

a hormone that reduces blood sugar concentration

58
Q

what happens in type 1 diabetes

A

type 1 diabetes happens when a person can’t produce nsulin - caused by white blood cells attacking the pancreas .

59
Q

what happens in type 2 diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes happens when a person’s body dosen;t respond to insulin , caused by high-sugar diet and lack of exercise .

60
Q

give the defention of a malnourished person

A

soemone who eats an unbalanced diet , it refers ot both who consume too much or too little food

61
Q

how is obesity a risk factor for type two diabetes

A

as excess fat causes the body to become resistant to insuline , although insulin molecules bind ot the recpetor , there is no respone . This means the person can’t control their blood gluclose levels , so there is an in increase in blood glucose .

62
Q

what causes cardiovascualr disease

A

build up of fatty deposits building up in the blood vessels therefore blocking the flow of blood .

63
Q

what is a risk factor

A

soething that increases likelihood of soething (in this case disease) weihgt - more fatty tiissue you have , the more resistant your body becomes ot insulin .

64
Q

explain how a build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteires can lead to a heart attack .

A

High levels of cholestrol cause faty deposits to build up in the coronary artieries . A blood clot can form on a fatty deposit . The blood clot can block a coronary artery . Some heart muscles do not get the oxyegn and nutrients htey need - cusing chest pain , and if left untreated , cells die leding ot a heart attack .

65
Q

what can happen if the blockage is in the blood vessels in the brain

A

it can lead to a stroke .

66
Q

what kind of drug can reduce blood cholestrol to reduce fatty deposits

A

statins

67
Q

name the treatment that keeps arteries open to keep blood flowing despite the fatty deposits in the coronary artieries

A

angioplasty .

68
Q

what is an advantage of a mechanical vlave

A

its long lasting

69
Q

what is a disadvanatge of a mechanical valve

A

life long medicine to prevent blood clots around it

70
Q

what is an advanatge of biological valves

A

the patient dosen’t need any medication

71
Q

what is a disadvanattge of biological valves

A

only lasts -12-15years .

72
Q

what fctors increase the likelihood of coronary heart dusease

A
  • a high fat diet

- smoking and lack of excercise

73
Q

what is a heart transplant

A

replacing a damaged heart with a healthy one .

74
Q

give two issues with heart transplants

A
  • waiting for the donor hear , that is a tissue amtch can take a while , as a reuslt , many people die before the actual transplant .
  • risk of blood clotting .
75
Q

Give disavanage with an artificial pacemaker.

A

-regular medical checkups whole life

76
Q

benefit with n artifical paceaker

A

very sensitive ; even responsds to exercise , pumps faster .

77
Q

explain why drinking large amounts of lcohol during preganancy can cause organ damage and faciall deformities in the fetus

A

if a pregnant women drinks , alchol passes thorugh the placenta into the developing baby . The developing bby cannot cope with the alcohol so the debelopmen of the baby can be badly effected resulting in facial deformities .

78
Q

give two examples of interactions between disease factors

A
  1. the reaction of the mmune sstem ot pathoegsn and other foreign bodies can trigger allergic rections and can lead to skin rashes .
  2. sever ephiyscial ill health can lead to depression and other type of mental illness .
79
Q

what are two problems iwth alcohol

A

it is posionous and addictive

80
Q

what type of drug is alcohol

A

it is a depressant (slows reaction time )

81
Q

what are the two main organs affected by excessive alchol consumptiom

A

brain and liver

82
Q

what happens when u drink to much alcohol

A

redcued inhibtion and poor judgement .

83
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

a liver disease

84
Q

what two things can heavy alcohol consumption do to the liver

A

they may develop cirrhosis of the liver , a disease that destroys liver tisue . The active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions .
Alchool is a carcinogen , so heavy drinkers are at increased rissks of developing liver cancr - spreads rapidly and is difficult to treat .

85
Q

what can large quntities of alchol do to the brain

A

long-term heavy alchol use also causes damage to the brian . In some alcholics , the brain becomes soft and pulpy that the strucutres are lost and it cn no longer function properl . This too can cause death .

86
Q

what happens when a pregnant woman drinks alchol what can this lead to .

A

If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol it passes across the placenta into the developing bab . Miscarriage , stillbirths and premature births and low birthweight are all risks linked to drinking during pregnncy . AS THE DEVELOPING BABY CANNOT COPE WITH THE ALCHOL , SO THE BRAIN AND BODY OF THE UNBORN BABY IS AFFECTED ESEPECIALLY IN THE EARL Y STAGES of preganncy causing FAS - faical deformeties , liver heat problems .

87
Q

how is ionising radiation dangerous

A

the radiation penetrates the cells and damages the chromosomes , cusing mutations in the DNA . The more you are exposed to ionisng radiation , the more likely it is that mutations iwll occur and that cancer will develop .

88
Q

examples of ionisng radiaiton

A

uv light form the sun
radioactive material from the sun - increases the risk of cancers -melanoma .
Radioactive maeterials foudn in the soil , wayer aor (radon gas)
-medical and dental x-rays
-accidnets in the nueclear power generation .

Biology (25 decks)

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