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Biology > B4- Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4- Organising animals and plants Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

There are four parts in blood , what are the ?

A

Plasma -(liquid part of the blood)

  • In plasma , there are two different type of blood cells , white blood cells and red blood cells
  • as well as tiny fragments of cells called platelets .
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2
Q

What does the blood plasma do ?

A

It carries dissolved substances around the body .

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3
Q

Give one thing blood plasma transports .

A

-Soluble digesiton products (glucose) from small intestne to toher organs .

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4
Q

Give another thing blood plasma transports .

A

-Also transports carbondioxide (produced by aerobix respiration ) from organs to the lungs to be breathed out .

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5
Q

Give the final thing blood plasma transports .

A

-Transports the waste products urea , from the liver to the kindeys to be excreeted in urine .

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6
Q

What do Red blood cells do ?

A

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cels .

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7
Q

What is one adaptation of the red blood cells ?

A

-Red blood cells contain the oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin .
-Haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs to make oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin +oxygen—-> oxyheamoglobin . (lungs at the top of the arrow)
-Red blood cells then travel to the organs where the oxyheamoglobin releases oxygen .
Oxyhaemoglobin—->+oxygen (orans at the top of arrow)

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8
Q

What is the second adaptation of red blood cells ?

A

Red blood cells have no nueclues , which means they have more room for haemoglobin .

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9
Q

What is the third adaptation of red blood cells ?

A

Red blod cells have a biconcave disc - gives it a greater surface area so that oxygen can diffuse in and out rapdily .

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10
Q

What are white blood cells ?

A

Whtie blood cells fo.rm part of the immune sytem e.g making antibodies

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11
Q

What is a key feature of white blood cells ?

A

White blood cells contian a nucleus . This contains DNA which encodes the instructions white blood cells need to do their job .

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12
Q

What are platelets ?

A

-Plateles are tiny frag,ents of cells , their job is to help the blood clot .

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13
Q

What are some uses of donated blood ?

A
  • eplace blood lost during injury .
  • Some people are give platelets , extracted from the blood to help clotting .
  • Proteins extracted from blood useful example for antiboides .
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14
Q

What is one problem of donated blood ?

A

In blood tranfusion , have to make sure donated blood is the same blood type as pateints .
-Otherwise the body’s immune sytem wil reject the blood and the pateint could die .

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15
Q

What is another problem of donated blood ?

A

There is a risk of infection - lots of different diseases can be transmitted via blood .
-Howeer in the UK , blood is screened so this risk is extremely low .

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16
Q

How does a single circulatory system work example ?

A

FISH

  • Heart pumps blood to gills , to become oxygenates .
  • Oxygenated blood is pumped sriaght to the oragsns where oxygen diffuse out n stuf f.
  • Blood now turns to the heart .
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17
Q

Problem with a single circulatory sytem ;

A
  • Blood looses a lot of pressure before reaching orans .

- Reaches organs relatively slowly , so can’t deliver a great deal of oxygen .

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18
Q

What are the benefits of a double circulatory sytem ?

A

-As blood passes thorugh the ehar twic e, can travel rapdily to the body cells delivering oxygen it needs .

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19
Q

What is the heart ?

A

The heart is an organ , consiting of maily muslce tissues . The heart pumps blood around the body .

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20
Q

The heart has four chambers , what are they ?

A

AT THE TOP AAS YOUR LOOKING A SOMEONE .
LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIUM
AT THE BOTTOM
LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLE

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21
Q

What does the vena cava do ? (1)

A

Label on diagram , vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body .

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22
Q

stage two of blood from the body .

A

The blood now passes from hert to lungs in the pulmonary artery .

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23
Q

stage three of blood from the body

A

In the lungs blood collects oxygen .

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24
Q

stage four of blood from the body .

A

oxygenated bloood now passes from the lung ot the heart via the pulmonary vein .

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25
stage five of blood from th ebody .
oxygenated blood is pupmed from heart to body in the aorta .
26
Lael the heart fully .
find template online .
27
stage on of the blood pattern .
first now blood eneters the right atrium and the left atrium .
28
stage two of the blood pattern
the atrium now contract and the blood is forced into the ventricle .
29
stage three of the blood and pattern .
the ventricle now contracts and force blood out of the heart . -the valves stop the blood flowing back into aorta when ventricles contract .
30
why does the left side of the heart have a thicker muslce than the right ?
As the left vetricle pumps blood around the entire body so needs to provide a greater force . -right ventricle only pumps blood to the lngs .
31
Where are the coronoary arterie ?
They branch out of the aorta and spread out at the heart muscles .
32
What are the coronary arteries ?
Provides oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart . | -The oxygen is earned in respiration to provide energy for contraction .
33
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by ...
... the pacemaker (group of cells in the right atrium) .
34
Sometimes the pacemaker stop sowrking correctly so doctors ...
... ikmplant an artificial pacemaker .
35
What is an artifical pacemaker ?
A small electrical device that corrects irregularities in the heart rate .
36
What are cardiovascular diseases ?
Cardiovascular diseases are diseases of the ehart and blood vessels . Noncommunicable diseaes also .
37
What is coronary heart disease ?
When alyers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary ateries . -Causing the coronary artieries to narrow . -The effect of this is to reduce the blood flow through the coronary ateries . Resulting in alack of oxygen for the heart musclre .
38
What are extreme cases of coronary heart diseases ?
In extrmee cases , can result in a heaart attack , where the ehart is starved of oxygen .
39
What is one treatment for coronary heart idsease ?
Statins - drugs which reduce the level of cholestrol in the blood . -This slows odwn the rate that fatty materials build up inthe ateries . -Adv - stains have been proved to reduce risk of coronry heart disease . Disadv - can cause liver dagae .
40
Some coronary heart disease patients , there is almost a TOTAL blockage of coornary atery ...
These poepole can be treated with stents . A stent is a tue inserted into te coroary artery to keep it open . Adv- blodo can flw normally thorugh the artery .
41
What is a disadvanatge of stents ?
A stent will not prevent other regions of rhe coronary artery from narroeing . -Does not treat the underlying causes of the disease .
42
Another cardiovascualr disease - faulty valves .
Sometimes , the heart valves do not fully open , so the heart has to pump exta hard to get the blood through , causing the heart to enlarge . --Leaky valves , cause the patient to feel weak and tired .
43
When the heart vaves are faulty , what can you replace it with ?
You can either replace it with a mechiancial valve - made of metal . -Or a biological valve - humans
44
Mechancial valves .
- Can last a lifetime . | - But they do increase the risk of blood clots nd patients have to take anticlotitng drugs .
45
Bioligcal valves .
Do not last as long and may e need to be replaced . Howeveer pagtient does not need to tke drugs .
46
Another cardiovascular disease - heart failure .
When the heart cannot pump enough blood around the bdody . | -These pateints either given a donated heart or donated herts and lungs .
47
disadvaatages with heart donations .
- not enough donated hearts available to treat every pateint . - The patient must take drugs to stop the donated heart being rejected by the body;s immune sytem .
48
If heart donation waiting list long , what do doctors do ?
Patients are given artifical ehars as a tempoary solution while waiting for a hear ransplant , or allowing the damages heart to rest . Disadvanatge - artifical hearts increase the risk of blood clotting and is not a long term solution to heart failure .
49
Air passes into the lungs through a tube called ...?
The Trachea .
50
What is theadaption of the trachea ?
Rings of cartilage , to prevent the trachea from collpasing during inhalation
51
What does the trachea split into .
-Two smaller tubes called bronchi , one passing into each lung .
52
What does the bronchi subdivide into ?
Smaller tubes called bronchioles . | Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli .
53
Lungs have lots of alveoli , | What happens at the alveoli >
-Where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream . | Oxygen in thee air diffuses into blood and co2 in the bloodstream diffuses out of the bloodstream back into the air .
54
What are the adaptations of the alveoli ?
- Millions of alveoli means the lungs have a huge surface area . - Very thin walls means diffusion path is hsort . - Good blood supply , once the oxygen diffuses into the blood , it is rapidly removed . This ensures the concentration gradient is steep as possible .
55
What also increases the rate of diffusion in lungs ?
Breathing .
56
What does breathing do ?
Breathing brings fresh oxygen into the alveoli and takes away the carbondioxide . -This makes the concentration gradient high for te gases , increasing the rate of diffusion .
57
Draw a labelled diagram of the lungs .
Check sheet .
58
The leaf contains...
... like any organ , different tissues .
59
What are the top and bottom of the lef covered with ?
- A layer of very thin cells known as epidermal cells forming epidermal tissue . - The epidermis protects the surface of the leaf . - There is an upper epidermis and lower epidermis .
60
What is an adaptation of the upper epidermis ?
-It is transparent , so it allows light to pass thorugh to photosynthetic cells below .
61
What is another apdaptation of the upper epidermis ?
- It is covered with a thin layer of oily aterial clled the waxy cutice . - The waxy cuticle reduces the evaporation of water , from the surface of the lea f, preventhing the leaf from drying out .
62
What is the adaptation of the lower epidermis ?
The lwoer epidermis has tiny pores called stomata . - Stomata controlled by guard cells allow carbondioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave - Stomata also helps to control the amount of watervapour that can pass out of the leaf . - On either side of the stomata we find gard cells .
63
What do we find at the top of the leaf ?
- Palisade mesophyll which consists of palisade cells , which are packed full of chloroplasts . - Chloroplasts contain chlorphyl which absorb light energy for photosynthesis .
64
What is udner the palisade mesophyll ?
The spongy mesophyll , which is full of air spaces . -The airspaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells . -Oxygen can allso diffuse from the palisade cells , through the spongy mesophll to the stomato . WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE
65
What other two tissues are in plants ?
Xylem and phloem tissue .
66
What do xylem do ?
- Xylem ttransport water from the roots to the stems and leaves . - Some of the water is then used in photosyntheis . - Xylem also trnsports dissolved mineralsions like magnesium which is used to make chlorophyl .
67
What do phloem cells do ?
Phloem tissue transports dissolved suggars produced by photosyntheis from the leaves to the rest of th plant . - The sugars can be used immediately example glucose used in respiration . - Sugars can also be stored such as starch .
68
What is the thing phloem cells do called ?
TRANSLOCATION - the movement of sugars ad other moelcules through the phloem tissue is called translocation .
69
What is the final tissue in the plant ?
Meristem tissue - found in growing tissue and shoot and roots . -Meristem tissue also contain sem cells , can differentate into diferentyt ypes of plant tissue .
70
What is transpiration ?
Water is constantly evaporating fromt he surface of the leaves .
71
What is stage one of transpiration ?
Transpiration starts with the evaporation of eater form cells inside the leaf .
72
Stage two of transpiration .
The water then diffuse through the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and out of the leaf through the stomata .
73
Stage three of transpiration .
Now , water passe from the xylem into the leaf to replace the water that had been lost .
74
Final stage of transpirtion .
Finally , water is drawn up the root hair cells and up the xylem vessels to the leaf . Whole process is known as the Transpiration stream .
75
What is one reason why transpiration is important ?
Transpiration brings water to the leaf . Water is required for photosyntheiss .
76
What is another reason why transpiration is important ?
Transpiration stream transprots dissolved mineral ions (magnesium) which play important roles in the plant .
77
What is the final reason why transpiration is important ?
-The evaporation of water from t he leaf , cools the leaf down especially in warm weather .
78
What is one factor that affects the rate of transpiration ?
The rate of transpiration is greater at higher tempertures . | As evaporatoin is faster , where temperatrures are higher .
79
What is another factor that affects the rate of transpiration .
Transpiration is also faster under dry conditions , when the air is not humid . That is because evaporation takes place more quickly under dry condtions .
80
What is anotherr factor that affects the rate of transpiration .
The rate of transpiration also increases inw indy conditions . As wind removes any water vapour , allowing more wayer to evaporate .
81
What is the final factor that affects the rate of transpiration ?
The rate of transpiration increases , when the light intensity increases . As high light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis .
82
How do Stoamata work .
- Stomata are surrounded in two guard cells . - When the light intensity is high (during the day) the gurd cells swella nd change shape ; causing the stomata to open . - Now CO2 diffuse into leaf and be used in photosyntheis s.
83
What do plants do in hot conditions?
- Under hot conditions , th plant closes its stomata to prevent water loss by transpiration . HOwever , this does mean plant cannot photosynthesis . - The whole plant may wilt , wilting prevents furhter ewater loss as levaes all collapse and hangdon , reducing the surface area for water loss by evaporation .
84
How do you measure transpiration in plants .
``` Ue a potometre . Draw the apparatus resevoir air bubble scale beaker of water. ```
85
Draw the plant tissue of a leaf.
check sheet .

Biology (25 decks)

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