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Biology > B4- Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4- Organising animals and plants Flashcards

1
Q

There are four parts in blood , what are the ?

A

Plasma -(liquid part of the blood)

  • In plasma , there are two different type of blood cells , white blood cells and red blood cells
  • as well as tiny fragments of cells called platelets .
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2
Q

What does the blood plasma do ?

A

It carries dissolved substances around the body .

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3
Q

Give one thing blood plasma transports .

A

-Soluble digesiton products (glucose) from small intestne to toher organs .

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4
Q

Give another thing blood plasma transports .

A

-Also transports carbondioxide (produced by aerobix respiration ) from organs to the lungs to be breathed out .

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5
Q

Give the final thing blood plasma transports .

A

-Transports the waste products urea , from the liver to the kindeys to be excreeted in urine .

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6
Q

What do Red blood cells do ?

A

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cels .

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7
Q

What is one adaptation of the red blood cells ?

A

-Red blood cells contain the oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin .
-Haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs to make oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin +oxygen—-> oxyheamoglobin . (lungs at the top of the arrow)
-Red blood cells then travel to the organs where the oxyheamoglobin releases oxygen .
Oxyhaemoglobin—->+oxygen (orans at the top of arrow)

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8
Q

What is the second adaptation of red blood cells ?

A

Red blood cells have no nueclues , which means they have more room for haemoglobin .

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9
Q

What is the third adaptation of red blood cells ?

A

Red blod cells have a biconcave disc - gives it a greater surface area so that oxygen can diffuse in and out rapdily .

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10
Q

What are white blood cells ?

A

Whtie blood cells fo.rm part of the immune sytem e.g making antibodies

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11
Q

What is a key feature of white blood cells ?

A

White blood cells contian a nucleus . This contains DNA which encodes the instructions white blood cells need to do their job .

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12
Q

What are platelets ?

A

-Plateles are tiny frag,ents of cells , their job is to help the blood clot .

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13
Q

What are some uses of donated blood ?

A
  • eplace blood lost during injury .
  • Some people are give platelets , extracted from the blood to help clotting .
  • Proteins extracted from blood useful example for antiboides .
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14
Q

What is one problem of donated blood ?

A

In blood tranfusion , have to make sure donated blood is the same blood type as pateints .
-Otherwise the body’s immune sytem wil reject the blood and the pateint could die .

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15
Q

What is another problem of donated blood ?

A

There is a risk of infection - lots of different diseases can be transmitted via blood .
-Howeer in the UK , blood is screened so this risk is extremely low .

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16
Q

How does a single circulatory system work example ?

A

FISH

  • Heart pumps blood to gills , to become oxygenates .
  • Oxygenated blood is pumped sriaght to the oragsns where oxygen diffuse out n stuf f.
  • Blood now turns to the heart .
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17
Q

Problem with a single circulatory sytem ;

A
  • Blood looses a lot of pressure before reaching orans .

- Reaches organs relatively slowly , so can’t deliver a great deal of oxygen .

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18
Q

What are the benefits of a double circulatory sytem ?

A

-As blood passes thorugh the ehar twic e, can travel rapdily to the body cells delivering oxygen it needs .

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19
Q

What is the heart ?

A

The heart is an organ , consiting of maily muslce tissues . The heart pumps blood around the body .

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20
Q

The heart has four chambers , what are they ?

A

AT THE TOP AAS YOUR LOOKING A SOMEONE .
LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIUM
AT THE BOTTOM
LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLE

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21
Q

What does the vena cava do ? (1)

A

Label on diagram , vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body .

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22
Q

stage two of blood from the body .

A

The blood now passes from hert to lungs in the pulmonary artery .

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23
Q

stage three of blood from the body

A

In the lungs blood collects oxygen .

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24
Q

stage four of blood from the body .

A

oxygenated bloood now passes from the lung ot the heart via the pulmonary vein .

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25
Q

stage five of blood from th ebody .

A

oxygenated blood is pupmed from heart to body in the aorta .

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26
Q

Lael the heart fully .

A

find template online .

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27
Q

stage on of the blood pattern .

A

first now blood eneters the right atrium and the left atrium .

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28
Q

stage two of the blood pattern

A

the atrium now contract and the blood is forced into the ventricle .

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29
Q

stage three of the blood and pattern .

A

the ventricle now contracts and force blood out of the heart .
-the valves stop the blood flowing back into aorta when ventricles contract .

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30
Q

why does the left side of the heart have a thicker muslce than the right ?

A

As the left vetricle pumps blood around the entire body so needs to provide a greater force .
-right ventricle only pumps blood to the lngs .

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31
Q

Where are the coronoary arterie ?

A

They branch out of the aorta and spread out at the heart muscles .

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32
Q

What are the coronary arteries ?

A

Provides oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart .

-The oxygen is earned in respiration to provide energy for contraction .

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33
Q

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by …

A

… the pacemaker (group of cells in the right atrium) .

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34
Q

Sometimes the pacemaker stop sowrking correctly so doctors …

A

… ikmplant an artificial pacemaker .

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35
Q

What is an artifical pacemaker ?

A

A small electrical device that corrects irregularities in the heart rate .

36
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases ?

A

Cardiovascular diseases are diseases of the ehart and blood vessels . Noncommunicable diseaes also .

37
Q

What is coronary heart disease ?

A

When alyers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary ateries .
-Causing the coronary artieries to narrow .
-The effect of this is to reduce the blood flow through the coronary ateries .
Resulting in alack of oxygen for the heart musclre .

38
Q

What are extreme cases of coronary heart diseases ?

A

In extrmee cases , can result in a heaart attack , where the ehart is starved of oxygen .

39
Q

What is one treatment for coronary heart idsease ?

A

Statins - drugs which reduce the level of cholestrol in the blood .
-This slows odwn the rate that fatty materials build up inthe ateries .
-Adv - stains have been proved to reduce risk of coronry heart disease .
Disadv - can cause liver dagae .

40
Q

Some coronary heart disease patients , there is almost a TOTAL blockage of coornary atery …

A

These poepole can be treated with stents .
A stent is a tue inserted into te coroary artery to keep it open .
Adv- blodo can flw normally thorugh the artery .

41
Q

What is a disadvanatge of stents ?

A

A stent will not prevent other regions of rhe coronary artery from narroeing .
-Does not treat the underlying causes of the disease .

42
Q

Another cardiovascualr disease - faulty valves .

A

Sometimes , the heart valves do not fully open , so the heart has to pump exta hard to get the blood through , causing the heart to enlarge .
–Leaky valves , cause the patient to feel weak and tired .

43
Q

When the heart vaves are faulty , what can you replace it with ?

A

You can either replace it with a mechiancial valve - made of metal .
-Or a biological valve - humans

44
Q

Mechancial valves .

A
  • Can last a lifetime .

- But they do increase the risk of blood clots nd patients have to take anticlotitng drugs .

45
Q

Bioligcal valves .

A

Do not last as long and may e need to be replaced . Howeveer pagtient does not need to tke drugs .

46
Q

Another cardiovascular disease - heart failure .

A

When the heart cannot pump enough blood around the bdody .

-These pateints either given a donated heart or donated herts and lungs .

47
Q

disadvaatages with heart donations .

A
  • not enough donated hearts available to treat every pateint .
  • The patient must take drugs to stop the donated heart being rejected by the body;s immune sytem .
48
Q

If heart donation waiting list long , what do doctors do ?

A

Patients are given artifical ehars as a tempoary solution while waiting for a hear ransplant , or allowing the damages heart to rest .
Disadvanatge - artifical hearts increase the risk of blood clotting and is not a long term solution to heart failure .

49
Q

Air passes into the lungs through a tube called …?

A

The Trachea .

50
Q

What is theadaption of the trachea ?

A

Rings of cartilage , to prevent the trachea from collpasing during inhalation

51
Q

What does the trachea split into .

A

-Two smaller tubes called bronchi , one passing into each lung .

52
Q

What does the bronchi subdivide into ?

A

Smaller tubes called bronchioles .

Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli .

53
Q

Lungs have lots of alveoli ,

What happens at the alveoli >

A

-Where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream .

Oxygen in thee air diffuses into blood and co2 in the bloodstream diffuses out of the bloodstream back into the air .

54
Q

What are the adaptations of the alveoli ?

A
  • Millions of alveoli means the lungs have a huge surface area .
  • Very thin walls means diffusion path is hsort .
  • Good blood supply , once the oxygen diffuses into the blood , it is rapidly removed . This ensures the concentration gradient is steep as possible .
55
Q

What also increases the rate of diffusion in lungs ?

A

Breathing .

56
Q

What does breathing do ?

A

Breathing brings fresh oxygen into the alveoli and takes away the carbondioxide .
-This makes the concentration gradient high for te gases , increasing the rate of diffusion .

57
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of the lungs .

A

Check sheet .

58
Q

The leaf contains…

A

… like any organ , different tissues .

59
Q

What are the top and bottom of the lef covered with ?

A
  • A layer of very thin cells known as epidermal cells forming epidermal tissue .
  • The epidermis protects the surface of the leaf .
  • There is an upper epidermis and lower epidermis .
60
Q

What is an adaptation of the upper epidermis ?

A

-It is transparent , so it allows light to pass thorugh to photosynthetic cells below .

61
Q

What is another apdaptation of the upper epidermis ?

A
  • It is covered with a thin layer of oily aterial clled the waxy cutice .
  • The waxy cuticle reduces the evaporation of water , from the surface of the lea f, preventhing the leaf from drying out .
62
Q

What is the adaptation of the lower epidermis ?

A

The lwoer epidermis has tiny pores called stomata .

  • Stomata controlled by guard cells allow carbondioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave
  • Stomata also helps to control the amount of watervapour that can pass out of the leaf .
  • On either side of the stomata we find gard cells .
63
Q

What do we find at the top of the leaf ?

A
  • Palisade mesophyll which consists of palisade cells , which are packed full of chloroplasts .
  • Chloroplasts contain chlorphyl which absorb light energy for photosynthesis .
64
Q

What is udner the palisade mesophyll ?

A

The spongy mesophyll , which is full of air spaces .
-The airspaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells .
-Oxygen can allso diffuse from the palisade cells , through the spongy mesophll to the stomato .
WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE

65
Q

What other two tissues are in plants ?

A

Xylem and phloem tissue .

66
Q

What do xylem do ?

A
  • Xylem ttransport water from the roots to the stems and leaves .
  • Some of the water is then used in photosyntheis .
  • Xylem also trnsports dissolved mineralsions like magnesium which is used to make chlorophyl .
67
Q

What do phloem cells do ?

A

Phloem tissue transports dissolved suggars produced by photosyntheis from the leaves to the rest of th plant .

  • The sugars can be used immediately example glucose used in respiration .
  • Sugars can also be stored such as starch .
68
Q

What is the thing phloem cells do called ?

A

TRANSLOCATION - the movement of sugars ad other moelcules through the phloem tissue is called translocation .

69
Q

What is the final tissue in the plant ?

A

Meristem tissue - found in growing tissue and shoot and roots .
-Meristem tissue also contain sem cells , can differentate into diferentyt ypes of plant tissue .

70
Q

What is transpiration ?

A

Water is constantly evaporating fromt he surface of the leaves .

71
Q

What is stage one of transpiration ?

A

Transpiration starts with the evaporation of eater form cells inside the leaf .

72
Q

Stage two of transpiration .

A

The water then diffuse through the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and out of the leaf through the stomata .

73
Q

Stage three of transpiration .

A

Now , water passe from the xylem into the leaf to replace the water that had been lost .

74
Q

Final stage of transpirtion .

A

Finally , water is drawn up the root hair cells and up the xylem vessels to the leaf .
Whole process is known as the Transpiration stream .

75
Q

What is one reason why transpiration is important ?

A

Transpiration brings water to the leaf . Water is required for photosyntheiss .

76
Q

What is another reason why transpiration is important ?

A

Transpiration stream transprots dissolved mineral ions (magnesium) which play important roles in the plant .

77
Q

What is the final reason why transpiration is important ?

A

-The evaporation of water from t he leaf , cools the leaf down especially in warm weather .

78
Q

What is one factor that affects the rate of transpiration ?

A

The rate of transpiration is greater at higher tempertures .

As evaporatoin is faster , where temperatrures are higher .

79
Q

What is another factor that affects the rate of transpiration .

A

Transpiration is also faster under dry conditions , when the air is not humid . That is because evaporation takes place more quickly under dry condtions .

80
Q

What is anotherr factor that affects the rate of transpiration .

A

The rate of transpiration also increases inw indy conditions . As wind removes any water vapour , allowing more wayer to evaporate .

81
Q

What is the final factor that affects the rate of transpiration ?

A

The rate of transpiration increases , when the light intensity increases . As high light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis .

82
Q

How do Stoamata work .

A
  • Stomata are surrounded in two guard cells .
  • When the light intensity is high (during the day) the gurd cells swella nd change shape ; causing the stomata to open .
  • Now CO2 diffuse into leaf and be used in photosyntheis s.
83
Q

What do plants do in hot conditions?

A
  • Under hot conditions , th plant closes its stomata to prevent water loss by transpiration . HOwever , this does mean plant cannot photosynthesis .
  • The whole plant may wilt , wilting prevents furhter ewater loss as levaes all collapse and hangdon , reducing the surface area for water loss by evaporation .
84
Q

How do you measure transpiration in plants .

A 
Ue a potometre . Draw the apparatus 
resevoir
air bubble
scale
beaker of water.
85
Q

Draw the plant tissue of a leaf.

A

check sheet .

Biology (25 decks)

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