B4- Organising animals and plants Flashcards
There are four parts in blood , what are the ?
Plasma -(liquid part of the blood)
- In plasma , there are two different type of blood cells , white blood cells and red blood cells
- as well as tiny fragments of cells called platelets .
What does the blood plasma do ?
It carries dissolved substances around the body .
Give one thing blood plasma transports .
-Soluble digesiton products (glucose) from small intestne to toher organs .
Give another thing blood plasma transports .
-Also transports carbondioxide (produced by aerobix respiration ) from organs to the lungs to be breathed out .
Give the final thing blood plasma transports .
-Transports the waste products urea , from the liver to the kindeys to be excreeted in urine .
What do Red blood cells do ?
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cels .
What is one adaptation of the red blood cells ?
-Red blood cells contain the oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin .
-Haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs to make oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin +oxygen—-> oxyheamoglobin . (lungs at the top of the arrow)
-Red blood cells then travel to the organs where the oxyheamoglobin releases oxygen .
Oxyhaemoglobin—->+oxygen (orans at the top of arrow)
What is the second adaptation of red blood cells ?
Red blood cells have no nueclues , which means they have more room for haemoglobin .
What is the third adaptation of red blood cells ?
Red blod cells have a biconcave disc - gives it a greater surface area so that oxygen can diffuse in and out rapdily .
What are white blood cells ?
Whtie blood cells fo.rm part of the immune sytem e.g making antibodies
What is a key feature of white blood cells ?
White blood cells contian a nucleus . This contains DNA which encodes the instructions white blood cells need to do their job .
What are platelets ?
-Plateles are tiny frag,ents of cells , their job is to help the blood clot .
What are some uses of donated blood ?
- eplace blood lost during injury .
- Some people are give platelets , extracted from the blood to help clotting .
- Proteins extracted from blood useful example for antiboides .
What is one problem of donated blood ?
In blood tranfusion , have to make sure donated blood is the same blood type as pateints .
-Otherwise the body’s immune sytem wil reject the blood and the pateint could die .
What is another problem of donated blood ?
There is a risk of infection - lots of different diseases can be transmitted via blood .
-Howeer in the UK , blood is screened so this risk is extremely low .
How does a single circulatory system work example ?
FISH
- Heart pumps blood to gills , to become oxygenates .
- Oxygenated blood is pumped sriaght to the oragsns where oxygen diffuse out n stuf f.
- Blood now turns to the heart .
Problem with a single circulatory sytem ;
- Blood looses a lot of pressure before reaching orans .
- Reaches organs relatively slowly , so can’t deliver a great deal of oxygen .
What are the benefits of a double circulatory sytem ?
-As blood passes thorugh the ehar twic e, can travel rapdily to the body cells delivering oxygen it needs .
What is the heart ?
The heart is an organ , consiting of maily muslce tissues . The heart pumps blood around the body .
The heart has four chambers , what are they ?
AT THE TOP AAS YOUR LOOKING A SOMEONE .
LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIUM
AT THE BOTTOM
LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLE
What does the vena cava do ? (1)
Label on diagram , vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body .
stage two of blood from the body .
The blood now passes from hert to lungs in the pulmonary artery .
stage three of blood from the body
In the lungs blood collects oxygen .
stage four of blood from the body .
oxygenated bloood now passes from the lung ot the heart via the pulmonary vein .
stage five of blood from th ebody .
oxygenated blood is pupmed from heart to body in the aorta .
Lael the heart fully .
find template online .
stage on of the blood pattern .
first now blood eneters the right atrium and the left atrium .
stage two of the blood pattern
the atrium now contract and the blood is forced into the ventricle .
stage three of the blood and pattern .
the ventricle now contracts and force blood out of the heart .
-the valves stop the blood flowing back into aorta when ventricles contract .
why does the left side of the heart have a thicker muslce than the right ?
As the left vetricle pumps blood around the entire body so needs to provide a greater force .
-right ventricle only pumps blood to the lngs .
Where are the coronoary arterie ?
They branch out of the aorta and spread out at the heart muscles .
What are the coronary arteries ?
Provides oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart .
-The oxygen is earned in respiration to provide energy for contraction .
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by …
… the pacemaker (group of cells in the right atrium) .
Sometimes the pacemaker stop sowrking correctly so doctors …
… ikmplant an artificial pacemaker .
What is an artifical pacemaker ?
A small electrical device that corrects irregularities in the heart rate .
What are cardiovascular diseases ?
Cardiovascular diseases are diseases of the ehart and blood vessels . Noncommunicable diseaes also .
What is coronary heart disease ?
When alyers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary ateries .
-Causing the coronary artieries to narrow .
-The effect of this is to reduce the blood flow through the coronary ateries .
Resulting in alack of oxygen for the heart musclre .
What are extreme cases of coronary heart diseases ?
In extrmee cases , can result in a heaart attack , where the ehart is starved of oxygen .
What is one treatment for coronary heart idsease ?
Statins - drugs which reduce the level of cholestrol in the blood .
-This slows odwn the rate that fatty materials build up inthe ateries .
-Adv - stains have been proved to reduce risk of coronry heart disease .
Disadv - can cause liver dagae .
Some coronary heart disease patients , there is almost a TOTAL blockage of coornary atery …
These poepole can be treated with stents .
A stent is a tue inserted into te coroary artery to keep it open .
Adv- blodo can flw normally thorugh the artery .
What is a disadvanatge of stents ?
A stent will not prevent other regions of rhe coronary artery from narroeing .
-Does not treat the underlying causes of the disease .
Another cardiovascualr disease - faulty valves .
Sometimes , the heart valves do not fully open , so the heart has to pump exta hard to get the blood through , causing the heart to enlarge .
–Leaky valves , cause the patient to feel weak and tired .
When the heart vaves are faulty , what can you replace it with ?
You can either replace it with a mechiancial valve - made of metal .
-Or a biological valve - humans
Mechancial valves .
- Can last a lifetime .
- But they do increase the risk of blood clots nd patients have to take anticlotitng drugs .
Bioligcal valves .
Do not last as long and may e need to be replaced . Howeveer pagtient does not need to tke drugs .
Another cardiovascular disease - heart failure .
When the heart cannot pump enough blood around the bdody .
-These pateints either given a donated heart or donated herts and lungs .
disadvaatages with heart donations .
- not enough donated hearts available to treat every pateint .
- The patient must take drugs to stop the donated heart being rejected by the body;s immune sytem .
If heart donation waiting list long , what do doctors do ?
Patients are given artifical ehars as a tempoary solution while waiting for a hear ransplant , or allowing the damages heart to rest .
Disadvanatge - artifical hearts increase the risk of blood clotting and is not a long term solution to heart failure .
Air passes into the lungs through a tube called …?
The Trachea .
What is theadaption of the trachea ?
Rings of cartilage , to prevent the trachea from collpasing during inhalation
What does the trachea split into .
-Two smaller tubes called bronchi , one passing into each lung .
What does the bronchi subdivide into ?
Smaller tubes called bronchioles .
Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli .
Lungs have lots of alveoli ,
What happens at the alveoli >
-Where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream .
Oxygen in thee air diffuses into blood and co2 in the bloodstream diffuses out of the bloodstream back into the air .
What are the adaptations of the alveoli ?
- Millions of alveoli means the lungs have a huge surface area .
- Very thin walls means diffusion path is hsort .
- Good blood supply , once the oxygen diffuses into the blood , it is rapidly removed . This ensures the concentration gradient is steep as possible .
What also increases the rate of diffusion in lungs ?
Breathing .
What does breathing do ?
Breathing brings fresh oxygen into the alveoli and takes away the carbondioxide .
-This makes the concentration gradient high for te gases , increasing the rate of diffusion .
Draw a labelled diagram of the lungs .
Check sheet .
The leaf contains…
… like any organ , different tissues .
What are the top and bottom of the lef covered with ?
- A layer of very thin cells known as epidermal cells forming epidermal tissue .
- The epidermis protects the surface of the leaf .
- There is an upper epidermis and lower epidermis .
What is an adaptation of the upper epidermis ?
-It is transparent , so it allows light to pass thorugh to photosynthetic cells below .
What is another apdaptation of the upper epidermis ?
- It is covered with a thin layer of oily aterial clled the waxy cutice .
- The waxy cuticle reduces the evaporation of water , from the surface of the lea f, preventhing the leaf from drying out .
What is the adaptation of the lower epidermis ?
The lwoer epidermis has tiny pores called stomata .
- Stomata controlled by guard cells allow carbondioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave
- Stomata also helps to control the amount of watervapour that can pass out of the leaf .
- On either side of the stomata we find gard cells .
What do we find at the top of the leaf ?
- Palisade mesophyll which consists of palisade cells , which are packed full of chloroplasts .
- Chloroplasts contain chlorphyl which absorb light energy for photosynthesis .
What is udner the palisade mesophyll ?
The spongy mesophyll , which is full of air spaces .
-The airspaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells .
-Oxygen can allso diffuse from the palisade cells , through the spongy mesophll to the stomato .
WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE
What other two tissues are in plants ?
Xylem and phloem tissue .
What do xylem do ?
- Xylem ttransport water from the roots to the stems and leaves .
- Some of the water is then used in photosyntheis .
- Xylem also trnsports dissolved mineralsions like magnesium which is used to make chlorophyl .
What do phloem cells do ?
Phloem tissue transports dissolved suggars produced by photosyntheis from the leaves to the rest of th plant .
- The sugars can be used immediately example glucose used in respiration .
- Sugars can also be stored such as starch .
What is the thing phloem cells do called ?
TRANSLOCATION - the movement of sugars ad other moelcules through the phloem tissue is called translocation .
What is the final tissue in the plant ?
Meristem tissue - found in growing tissue and shoot and roots .
-Meristem tissue also contain sem cells , can differentate into diferentyt ypes of plant tissue .
What is transpiration ?
Water is constantly evaporating fromt he surface of the leaves .
What is stage one of transpiration ?
Transpiration starts with the evaporation of eater form cells inside the leaf .
Stage two of transpiration .
The water then diffuse through the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and out of the leaf through the stomata .
Stage three of transpiration .
Now , water passe from the xylem into the leaf to replace the water that had been lost .
Final stage of transpirtion .
Finally , water is drawn up the root hair cells and up the xylem vessels to the leaf .
Whole process is known as the Transpiration stream .
What is one reason why transpiration is important ?
Transpiration brings water to the leaf . Water is required for photosyntheiss .
What is another reason why transpiration is important ?
Transpiration stream transprots dissolved mineral ions (magnesium) which play important roles in the plant .
What is the final reason why transpiration is important ?
-The evaporation of water from t he leaf , cools the leaf down especially in warm weather .
What is one factor that affects the rate of transpiration ?
The rate of transpiration is greater at higher tempertures .
As evaporatoin is faster , where temperatrures are higher .
What is another factor that affects the rate of transpiration .
Transpiration is also faster under dry conditions , when the air is not humid . That is because evaporation takes place more quickly under dry condtions .
What is anotherr factor that affects the rate of transpiration .
The rate of transpiration also increases inw indy conditions . As wind removes any water vapour , allowing more wayer to evaporate .
What is the final factor that affects the rate of transpiration ?
The rate of transpiration increases , when the light intensity increases . As high light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis .
How do Stoamata work .
- Stomata are surrounded in two guard cells .
- When the light intensity is high (during the day) the gurd cells swella nd change shape ; causing the stomata to open .
- Now CO2 diffuse into leaf and be used in photosyntheis s.
What do plants do in hot conditions?
- Under hot conditions , th plant closes its stomata to prevent water loss by transpiration . HOwever , this does mean plant cannot photosynthesis .
- The whole plant may wilt , wilting prevents furhter ewater loss as levaes all collapse and hangdon , reducing the surface area for water loss by evaporation .
How do you measure transpiration in plants .
Ue a potometre . Draw the apparatus resevoir air bubble scale beaker of water.
Draw the plant tissue of a leaf.
check sheet .
