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Biology > B17 - Organising an ecosystem > Flashcards

B17 - Organising an ecosystem Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all food chain start with ?

A

A producer

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2
Q

Why are producers extremely improtant to a food chain ?

A

-They SYNTHESISE complex MOLECULE .
(Green plant make GLUCOSE by PHOTOSYNTHESIS with energy from the sunlight .)

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3
Q

What are molecules like glucose known as ?

A

-Known a Biomass , and these are molecules pass down a food chain to toher organisms .
-So producers are the source of all the biomas in a community , which is why they are important .

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4
Q

What are primary consumers ?

A

Organims that eat the producers .

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5
Q

What are secondary consumer ?

A

-Animal that eat priamry consumers .

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6
Q

What are Tertiary conumers ?

A

Eats secondary conumers .

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7
Q

What are predators ?

A

Consumers that kill and eat other animals .

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8
Q

What are prey ?

A

Animal that is being eaten .

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9
Q

What does the grpah show ?

A

The graph shows the populations of predator and prey in a community . (Will see a similar graph for any predator and prey .)

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10
Q

What is they key idea of the graph ?

A

The nuber of predator and prey rise and falls in cycles .

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11
Q

EXPLAIN they key idea of the graph with an example .

A

Foxes and rabbits e.g
-Warm Summer , lots of grass for rabbits to eat meaning rabbits offspring survive and rabbit poulation increases .
-Now the foxes have MORE , rabbits to eat , so after sometime , the fox population alo INCREASES .

-hOWEVER , as there are more foxes thaan rabbits , means more rabbits iwll be eaten , so population of rabbits falls . )
-Now foxes have fewer rabbits to eat so less foxes , so rabbits survive and population of rabbit tart to increase , but thi means foxe have more to eat so their populatrion rise .

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12
Q

When is this key idea only true ?

A

In a table community - where all the biotic and abitoic factor are in balance .

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13
Q

How can the prey predator cycle change ?

A

-If omething like a drought , disease , new predator , then the prey cycle will start to change .

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14
Q

Where does the carbon cycle start ?

A

It start with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere .

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15
Q

What is the ONLY WAY carbonc an enter the carbon cycle ?

A

Through photoynthei , (In photoyntheisis , carbondioxide i combined with water to make sugar and glucose . Photosynthesis also ues light energy and is carried out by plants .)

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16
Q

How does carbondioxide reutrn back into the atmospherre ?

A

By respiration - carried out by every single living organism .

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17
Q

What is stage one of the carbon cycle ?

A

Plant and algae take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in photosyntehsis . The carbon is used to make carbohydrate , fats and proteins , which make up the cells in plants and alage .

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18
Q

What is stage two of the carbon cycle ?

A

Plants and alage respire , so some of the carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbondioxide .

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19
Q

What is stage three/ stage four of the carbon cycle ?

A

Plants and alage can be eaten by animals , and these animals can be eaten by other animals .
-At this point the carbon in the plants , bcomes part of the cabrohydrates fat and proteins in the cells of animals .

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20
Q

What is stage five of the carbon cycle ?

A

Animals also respire , so ome of the carbon is releaed back as carbondioxide .

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21
Q

What is stage six of the carbon cycle ?

A

Animal release waste products such as faeces .
-Eventually all plants and animals die .

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22
Q

What is stage seven of the carbon cycle ?

A

Now we have carbon in waste product and dead remains. The waste product is broken down by decomposing material like bacteria and fungi .

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23
Q

What is stage seven.5 of the carbon cycle ?

A

When decomposers carry out respiration , the carbon in the waste and dead remain is returned to the atmospehre as carbondioxide .

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24
Q

Why are decomposer important ?

A

-As they ccle material through an ecosytem .
-As well a returning carbon to the atmospehre as carbondioxide .
-They alo release mineral ions into the soil .

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25
Q

What is stage eight of the carbon cycle ?

A

Under certain condition (Lack of oxygen ) decompoer cannot function effectively .
-If this happen then the carbon in the dead remain can slowly be converted into fossil fuel .
-Over millions of year ago , a large amount of carbon ha been trapped underground as fossil fuels .

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26
Q

What is stage nine of the carbon cycle ?

A

Howveer , over the alt 200 years , humans have been burning , huge amount of foisil fuels , for example coal and oil .

-Combusting fossil fuels is releasing a large amount of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere .

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27
Q

Stage one of the watercycle

A

-Almost all the water on Earth is found in the oceans , this is saltwater .
-Energy from the sun casues this water to evporate from the surace of the sea .

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28
Q

Stage two of the watercycle

A

-The water vapour now travels into the air nad coolds down .

29
Q

Stage three of the watercycle

A

-When it cools , the watervapour condenses to form clouds .

30
Q

Stage four of the watercycle

A

-The water in clouds then falls to the ground as percipitation .
-Precipitation includes rain andsnow as well as halt and sleet

31
Q

KEY IDEA aout precipitation

A

-All forms of precipitation contains freshwater , (no salt )

32
Q

Stage five of the watercycle

A

-Once the water hits the ground , some of it simply evporates back into the atmosphere as watervapour .

33
Q

Stage six of the watercycle

A

-Some of the water passes through the roots and forms aquifers .

34
Q

Stage seven of the watercycle

A

A lot of the waater forms rivers and streams .

35
Q

Stage eight of the watercycle

A

The water in rivers and streams eventually drains back into the sea .

36
Q

How do plants play a role in the water cycle ?

A

-Plants take up water in the roots , and the water moves up the plant in the xylem , and passes out of the leaves through the stomata as watervapour (TRANSPIRATION)

37
Q

How do animals play a role in the water cycle ?

A

Animals take in water by drinking it and in food , animals release water in their urine ,, faeces and when they exhale .

38
Q

What do decomposers do ?

A

-Carry out decomposition of wasye materials and dead remains .
-As well as returning carbon into the atmosphere , decomposers also return mineral ions back into the soil .

39
Q

What is compost explained (1)

A

-Compost heap is often found in gardens and farms .
-Gardeners put dead plant matrail such as grass onto the compost hep .
-Overtime , bacteria and fungi decompose the plant material to produce compost .

40
Q

What is compost explained (2)

A

-Gardeners and farmers then use he compos as a natural fertiiser . As compost is very rich in minerals that plants need to grow .

41
Q

Three factors that effect the rate of decompostion ?

A

-Temperature
-Amount of water
-oxygen .

42
Q

How does the temperature effect the rate of decompostion ?

A

-Decompostion takes place FASTER at warmer temperatures .
-As decomposers use enzymes to breakdown plant material these enzymes work faster in warm conditions .

43
Q

What is the temperature like in compost ?

A

-Compost heaps tend to be warmer anyways .
-That is because decomposers release energy when they carry out aerobic respirtion .
-However , if the compost gets too hot , the enzyymes and decomposers can denautre and the decomposers can die .

44
Q

How does the amount if water effect the rate of decompostion ?

A

-Decomposing microrganisms work faster if the compost is mosit .
-As many of the chemical reactions in decay , require water .
-So its important gardeners do not alow a compsot heap ot dry out .

45
Q

How does the amount of oxygen effect the rate of decompostion ?

A

-Decomposer carry out aerobc respiration .
-This requires a good supply of oxygen .

46
Q

What gardeners do in terms of amount of oxygen in compost ?

A

-Man gardners use a gardening fork , to mix their compost regularly , allowing more oxygen to pass into the center .
-Mixing the compsot also breaks up larger clumps , it increases the surface area for decompsoers to acton .

47
Q

What do decomposers do if there is no oxygen ?

A

-Decomposers carry out anaerobbic decay .
-Anerobic decay produces a mixture of agses including methane - scientits call htis biogas .

48
Q

What is biogas used for ?

A

-Small scale can be used by generators , providing fuel fo homs .
-Often using plant material like food waste or animal maure .

49
Q

What are we investigating in this RQP ?

A

-We are investigting the effect of temeprture on the rate of decay on fresh milk by mesurin pH change .

50
Q

What is the decay process of milk ?

A

Milk;
-If milk is left at room temperature , its goes sour , after a couple of days .
-As bavteira in the milk start the decy process .
-These bacteria use enzymes to produce acidic olecules , and that is why sour milk tatses acidic .

51
Q

What is the problem with this RQP ?

A

-Decay is a very slow process , so it is hard to observe that in a lesson .
SOLUTIOn - is to model decay using the enzyme lipase .
(so we ren’t strirtly looking at decay , but apporximately , what is close to decay )

52
Q

Stage one of decay rqp

A

-Label a tube ‘lipase’
-Use a pipette to place 5cm3 of lipase solution in the test tue .

53
Q

Stage two of decay rqp

A

-Label another test tube ‘mlk’
-Add five drops of indicator cresol red .

54
Q

Stage three of decay rqp

A

-Add 5 cm3 of milk and 7cm3 of sodium carbonate solution to the milk test tube .
-At this point , the solution should be pirpel - as sodium carbonate solution is alkaline and cresol red is purple in alkaline conditons .

55
Q

Stage four of decay rqp

A

Place thermometer into the test tube containing the milk .

56
Q

Stage five of decay rqp

A

Place both test tubes into beaker of water t our first chosen temperature .
(e.g 20 degrees - at room teperature ).
-At this point , we need to wait until the temperatures of our solution is the same as the water in the beaker .

57
Q

Stage six of decay rqp

A

-NOw we use a pipette to transfer 1cm3 of lipase solutoin into the test tube containing milk and we stir the solution .
-At the same time we start a timer .

58
Q

Stage seven of decay rqp

A

-At this point , the enzme lipase , will stat to breakdown the fat molecules in the milk .
-This releases fatt acids , causig the milk solution to become acidic .

59
Q

Stage eight of decay rqp

A

In acidic conditions , cresol red changes to yellow .
-So once the solution turns yellow , we stop timing and record the results .

60
Q

Stage nine of decay rqp

A

Repeat the experiment at a range of different temperatures .

61
Q

What is the independant variable ?

A

Temperature .

62
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

Time taken for the milk solution to turn yellow .

63
Q

WHat is the control variable ?

A

-The volumes of the different solutions .
-Need to make sure the volumes of lipase milk , sodium carbonate solution and cresol red do not change .

64
Q

Why do we need to use a clean test tube for the milk solution in each experiment ?

A

-Any traces of lipase will trigger the reaction before we are ready .

65
Q

What do we do with stopping the timer ?

A

-As we are looking for a change in colour , it can be difficult to decide when to stop thetimer .
-To reduce the effect of this , SHARE DATA , with other groups and calculate the mean .

66
Q

Look at the graah , what does star one show ?

A

-At low temperautres , the reaction is slow .
-*As enzymes work slowly , at lower temperatures .

67
Q

Look at the graph , what does star two show ?

A

At certain temperatures , the reaction is taking place at its fastestt rate , scientists callt his hte optimum temperature .

68
Q

Look at the graph , what does star three show ?

A

In conditions that are warmeer than the optimum temperature , the reaction slows down , may even stop completely .
-As the enzyme denatures at higher temperature .

69
Q

The RQP linking with decomposers .

A

-Dcomposers work faster in warm conditions but NOT IN hot conditons .
-This is becasue enzymes DENATURE , when the temperature is to high .

Biology (25 decks)

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