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Biology > B13 - RESPIRATION ACC VERSION > Flashcards

B13 - RESPIRATION ACC VERSION Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells have ?

A

Human cells contain 46 Chromosomes .

23 pairs

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2
Q

How do cells divide ?

A

By mitosis

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3
Q

What happens during mitosis ?

A

In mitosis , one cells is copied into two identical cells .

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4
Q

what is one type of cell where the chromosomes are not paired ?

A

These cells are called gametes

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5
Q

What are the gametes in humans ?

A

Sperm and egg cells .

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6
Q

Why do human sperm and egg cells both contain 23 single chromosomes ?

A

As gametes are single not paired .

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7
Q

How are gametes made ?

A

By a type of cell division called meiosis .

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8
Q

What happens during meiosis ?

A

Meiosis , unlike mitosis produces non-idenntical cells . (In other words , every egg and sperm cell are different .)

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9
Q

Where else does meisosis take place other than humans , and what are the gametes .

A

Meisosis also takes place in flowering plants .

-The gametes are pollen and egg cells .

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10
Q

What type of reproduction do bth animal and flowering plants carry out

A

sexual reproduction ,

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11
Q

What does sexual reproduction inolve ?

A

It involves the fusion of male and femlae gametes .

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12
Q

What is the fusion of male and female gaametes known as ?

A

It is known as fertilisation .

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13
Q

What is the meaning of fusion?

A

Joining

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14
Q

Is there a mixing of genetic information in sexual reproduction ?

A

Yes , there is a mixing of genetic information . (The offspring receievs genetic information from both MALE AND FEMALE parents .)

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15
Q

Is there variation in offspirng for sexual reproduction , and why ?

A

Yes , as eevery gamete is different , we can see variation in the offsping .

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16
Q

What does a-sexual reproduction involve

A

One parent .

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17
Q

Does asexual reproduction involve gametes ?

A

asexual reproduction does not involve gametes .

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18
Q

Why are the offspring gentically identical in asexual reproduction ?

A

As there is only one parent , there is no mixing of genetic inforation , so the offspring are genetically identical .

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19
Q

What do scientists call the offspring of asexual reproduction and why ?

A

Clones - as the offspring are genetically identical .

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20
Q

why does asexual reproduction not invovle meiosis , what does it only involve ?

A

As asexual reproduction does not involve gametes , meiosis does not take place , asexual reproduction , only involves mitosis .

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21
Q

Give an example of asexual reproduction

A

Aphids reproducing .

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22
Q

What is the defenition of meiosis ?

A

Two stage process of cell division , that reduces the chromosome number of daughter cells . It is involved in making gametes for sexual reproduction .

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23
Q

what is a haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

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24
Q

what is a diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes .

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25
Q

What type of chromosomes do gametes (sperm and egg ) contain ?

A

haploids (one set of chromosomes .)

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26
Q

Are the chromosomes in gametes paired or single ?

A

Single chromosomes .

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27
Q

Where does meisosis take place in ?

A

Meiosis takes place in reproductive organs ;
in the male - in the testes
in the female - in the ovaries

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28
Q

What happens in the first stage of meiosis ?

A

All of the chromosomes are copied .

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29
Q

What happens in the second stage of meiosis ?

A

The cells now divide into two .

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30
Q

What happens in the third stage of meiosis ?

A

Now both of these cells divide one more time forming the gamtes .
-In the gametes , the chromosomes are now single no paired .

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31
Q

So what does meisosis do ?

A

If we look at the cell we started in , the chromosomes were in pairs .

  • But after meisosis the chromosomes are now single .
  • So meiosis has HALVED the number of chromosomes
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32
Q

How many gametes does meiosis produce , what are they ?

A

Meiosis produces four gametes from one original cell .

  • Each of these four gametes are genetically different from eachother .
  • Eeach gamete has alleles .
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33
Q

What happens to the gametes after they are produced by meiosis ?

A

-In sexual reproduction , these gametes join together , this is known as fertilisation .

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34
Q

How many chromosomes does the cell have after fertilisation ?

A

After fertilisation , the cell now has the normal number of chromosomes .
-In fertilisation , the full number of chromosomes is restored .

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35
Q

What happens to the cell after fertilisation ?

A

-Now the cell divides by mitosis , producing a lump of identical cells known as an EMBRYO .

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36
Q

What does an embryo do ?

A

As the embryo develops , it can DIFFERENTIATIE , forming different cell types .
-In animals , that could be muslce and nerve cells .

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37
Q

What is an advanatge of sexual reproduction (explained ) ?

A
  • In sexual reproduction , the offpspring receive a mixture of genetic information from two parents .
  • This means that sexual reproduction prdocues variation in the offspring.
  • So if the enviroment changes (becomes colder ) , this variation means some off the offspring my survive .
  • SO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION GIVES A SPECIES SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE BY NATURAL SELECTION .
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38
Q

What is an advanatge of sexual reproduction (simplified)?

A

-Sexual reproduction gives greater chance of survival , if conditions become challenging .

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39
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction ?

A

two parents are needed so it takes time and energy to find a mate or spread gametes .
-Slower than asexual reproduction .

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40
Q

What is an advanatge of asexual reproduction ?

A

In asexual reproduction , only one parent is needed , so there is no need to find a mate , so asexual reproduction is both tie and energye efficent unlike sexual reproduction .

  • Asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction .
  • As it is fast , asexual reproduction is extremely useful when conditions are fovurable , as it allows organsims to produce genetically identical offspring rapidly .
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41
Q

What are the disadvanatges of asexual reproduction ?

A

However asexual reproduction is very risky , as all the offspring are genetically identical , they could all die if conditions become unfavourable .

42
Q

List three examples of organisms that can use seuxal reproduction or asexual reproduction depending on the circumstances .

A
  • Malaria
  • Fungi
  • Flowering plants .
43
Q

Give a brief explanation of malaria parasite lifecycle .

A
  • The malaria parasite has part of its lifecyle in a human host .
    • Part of its lifecyle in a mosquito vector .
44
Q

What does the malaria parasite do in the human host ?

A

It reproduces asexualy .

45
Q

What does the malria parasite do inside the mosquito ?

A

Inside the mosquito , the malaria parasite uses sexual reproduction .

46
Q

What do fungi produce to reproduce asexually ?

A

They produce spores.

47
Q

Why do fungi reproduce sexually ?

A

Fungi reproduce sexually , producing variation in their offspring .

48
Q

Why do flowering plants reproduce sexually ?

A

To produce seeds .

49
Q

Give an example of a plant that reproduces both asexually and sexually , how does it reproduce aseuxally ?

A

A strawberry reproduces asexually and sexually . It reproduces asexually by sending out runners .

50
Q

How do runners in a strawberry reproduce asexually ?

A

When the runner touches the soil , it can develop a new plant genetically identical to the parent .

51
Q

How do daffodils reproduce ?

A

Daffodils reproduce asexually , by bulb division .

52
Q

How does bulb division work ?

A

The parent plant has an underground bulb which produces buds . These buds eventually form new offspring plants . The offspring are genetically identical to the parent .

53
Q

Where are chromosomes found ?

A

Chromosomes are found in the nucles of cells .

54
Q

What do chromosomes cotain ?

A

Chromosomes contain the moleucule DNA .

55
Q

What is DNA ?

A

DNA is the genetic amterial , as our DNA determines our inherited features .

56
Q

How many strands does DNA consist of ?

A

DNA consists of two strands

57
Q

What is each stand of DNA , what is it made of ?

A

Each strand of DNA is a polymer , each strand is made by joining together lots of smaller molecules .

58
Q

What is DNA (structure)

A

DNA is a polymer made of two stands forming a double helix .

59
Q

What is a gene ?

A

A gene , is a small section of DNA , on a chromosome

60
Q

Give an example of a gene .

A

This could be a gene that determines your blood type , this gene is found on chromosome number 9 .

61
Q

How are proteins made ?

A

Proteins are made by joining together amino acids .

62
Q

What does each gene encode for ?

A

Each gene encodes for a specific sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein .

63
Q

Give an example of a gene encoding

A

The blood type gene encodes for the sequence of amino acids , for the protein that determines blood type .

64
Q

T/F both chromosomes in a pair have the same genes ?

A

True

65
Q

Give an example of chromosomes in a pair that have the same genes .

A

Both copies of chromosome 9 , have the gene for blood type .

66
Q

What is a genome ?

A

The genome is the entire geentic material of an organism .

67
Q

What is the human genome ?

A

The human genome is the entire genetic material that makes a human

68
Q

Have scientists now studied the entire human genome ?

A

Yes

69
Q

Give one benefit of studying the human genome ?

A

-Understanding the human genome will help us to earch for genes that are linked to a disease . E,g , genes that increase the risk of developing cancer or Alzheimers disease .

70
Q

Give the second benefit of studying the human genome ?

A

-Understanding the human genome , will help us to understand and treat inherited disorders , e.g cystic fibrosis .

71
Q

-Give the third beneift of studying the human genome ?

A

-We can use the human genome to trace human migration patterns from the past . This helps people to discover their ancestry

72
Q

What do genes control ?

A

Genes control proteins which control the makeup of specialised cells that form tissues .

73
Q

What does the genome include ?

A

The genome includes all the chromosomes and the genetic material of the mitochondria .

74
Q

How many base pairs and codes does the human genome have ?

A

The human genome has ove 3 billion base pairs ad 21,000 codes for proteins .

75
Q

How can the human genome make many different proteins from the same gene ?

A

By using it in a different ay such as switiching genes on and off .
-So can have more proteins than genes .

76
Q

Why are scientists sequencng genomes of different species of organisms ?

A

-To help them work out the relationships between different types of organisms .

77
Q

What does seuqencing genomes of bacteria and viruses allow ?

A

equencing the genomes of bacteria and viruses allow us to identify the causes of disease very rapidly and to choose the correct treatment .

78
Q

What are the polymer of molecules that DNA are made up of called ?

A

nucleotides .

79
Q

How many parts does a nucleotide have ?

A

It has three parts .

80
Q

Explain a nucleotide (refer to structure on sheet )

A

We have a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule . The sugar is ayyached to a molecule called a base .

81
Q

What never changes in a nucleotide ?

A

The phosphate group and sugar molecule never change .

82
Q

What changes in a nucleotide ?

A

tbe base

83
Q

What are the four different bases in a nucleotide ?

A

A , C , G , T

84
Q

How many nucleotides is in DNA , how do you know this ?

A

As there are four bases in a nucleotide , there are Four nucleotides in DNA .

85
Q

How are DNA stands complementary , what does this mean .

A

Complementary means that the same base always pair on opposite strands . As the same bases always pair on the teo starnds , we say that the two strands are complementary .

86
Q

What type of polymers are proteins made of ?

A

Protiens are made of polymers of amino acids .

87
Q

How many amino acids are in humans ?

A

In humans , there are 20 different amino acids .

88
Q

How is the shape of a protein determined ?

A

The specific order of the amino acids determines the shape of the protein .

89
Q

What does the shape of a protien determine ?

A

The shape of the protein determines its function .

90
Q

Give a few examples of protiens

A

enzyme moleucle - amylase
structural protein - collagen
hormones - insulin

91
Q

What is the order of amino acids determined by ?

A

The order of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the gene for that protein .

92
Q

How do the cells read the DNA sequences ?

A

The cells read the DNA sequences as triplets of bases .

93
Q

What does each triplet base encode for ?

A

Each triplet encodes for a specific amino acid in the protein .

94
Q

How many stages does protein synthesis have ?

A

Protein synthesis consists of two stages .

95
Q

Where does the first stage of protein synthesis take place ?

A

In the nucleus .

96
Q

Where does the second stage of protein synthesis take place ?

A

In the cytoplasm .

97
Q

hat is the first stage of protein synthesis called ?

A

Transcription .

98
Q

What happens in transcritpion ?

A
  • In this stage , the base sequence of the gene is copied into a complementary template molecue .
  • Scientists ca; this template RNA or mRNA for short .
  • The mRna now passes out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm .
99
Q

What kind of molecule is mRNA

A

Single stranded molecule .

100
Q

What is the second stage of protein synthesis called ?

A

Translation .

101
Q

What happens in translation ?

A
  • In this stage , the mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome .
  • Amino acids are now brought to the ribosome on carrier molecules .
  • These carrier moelcules are called transfer RNA or tRNA for short .

Biology (25 decks)

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