B6 -Preventing and treating disease (Vaccination and herd immunity in B5)

Question 1

What are antibiotics

Answer 1

Antibiotics are substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes which stops thm from gorwing or reporducing (don’t affect the host cell )

Question 2

why weren’t antibitoics ffect against bacteria , hwat is this called ?

Answer 2

As antibiotics were oversued , the bacteria had evovled so was no longer killed by the antibiotic this is known as ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Question 3

Why do doctors use speicific antibodies for specific bacteria

Answer 3

as different types of bacteria have different types of structures and thye do not all respond in the same way to each antibiotic .

Question 4

.why won;t doctors precrbe antibiotics that are caused by a virus

Answer 4

as antibiotics cannot kill viruses , as they are in host cell antibiotics does not effetc hsot cell e.g sorethorat

Question 5

whata are painkillers

Answer 5

treat the symptoms of a disease by relieving pain

Question 6

example of an antibiotic

Answer 6

penicillin

Question 7

t/f painkillers kill pathogens

Answer 7

false painkillers do not kill pathogens .

Question 8

why is it difficult to devleop drugs that kill viruses without damaging body’s tissue

Answer 8

as viruses live and reproduce inside human cells .

Question 9

In the past , where were medicines extrcted fro

Answer 9

plants and microrganisms

Question 10

what plant is used to extract the drug digitalis

Answer 10

foxglove

Question 11

Where was the painkiler aspirin extracted from

Answer 11

willow trees

Question 12

give an example of a drug extacted from microrganisms

Answer 12

penicillin from the mound penicillium

Question 13

who discovered penicillin

Answer 13

Alexander Fleming

Question 14

How do we get our medicines today

Answer 14

most drugs are synthesised by cheimsts working for pharmaceutical ocmapnies

Question 15

what s often the starting point for medicines otday

Answer 15

chemicals extracted from a plant .

Question 16

what are the four things a good medicine should be

Answer 16

effective
stable
safe
successfully taken in and removed from your body

Question 17

why should a medidcne be effective

Answer 17

it ust prevent or cure a disease or at least make you feel better

Question 18

why should a medicine be safe

Answer 18

the drug must not be toxic (poisonous) or have any unacceptable side efefcts for the patient .

Question 19

why should a medicine be stable

Answer 19

you must be able to use the medicine under noral conditons nd store it for some time .

Question 20

why should a medicine be successfully taken in and removed from our body

Answer 20

it must reach its target and be cleared fromo your system once it has doen its work .

Question 21

what is the first stag eof preclincical testing

Answer 21

drug is tested on cells , tissues and on live animlas (mouse)

Question 22

why cannot the preclinical testing be carried out humans

Answer 22

as the drug could e extremely toxic .

Question 23

what is the second stage of drug testing

Answer 23

clinical testing

Question 24

what happens in the first stage of clinical testing

Answer 24

very low doses of the drug is given ot healthy volunteers .

Question 25

in drug testing , why is the durg given to helthy volunteers

Answer 25

to chec if the drug is safe in humans

Question 26

what happens if the drug is found to be safe

Answer 26

the clinical testing continues to find the optimal dose

Question 27

what is the meaning of optimal dose

Answer 27

best dose to treat diseases with the fewest side effects

Question 28

what s a placebo

Answer 28

a tablet or injection wth no active drug in it

Question 29

why do some patients get better if you give them a placebo

Answer 29

as they think they’re are being treated and so they believe that they’re going to get better

Question 30

Explain a double blind trial

Answer 30

1. The test group recieves the active drug.

2. The placebo (control) group eceive a dumm drug which looks exactly like the test but hasnoa ctive ingredients.

Question 31

Why do neither the patients nor the doctor know which people are receving the active drug and wich are receiving the placebo.

Answer 31

To prevent biads incase doctors pay close attention to people receiving the actiev drug .

Question 32

what do lymphoctes produce antibodies against

Answer 32

they produce antibodies against again antigens

Question 33

what do scientists call foreign objects

Answer 33

antigens

Question 34

wgere are antibodies used in

Answer 34

pregnancy tests or cancer treatments

Question 35

How do we make monovlonal antibodies

Answer 35

All mammals create lymphocytes , therfore , we can inkject a lab mouse with antigens then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen ,
2. We can collect the lymphocytes from the mouse - however , these lymphocytes won’t divide by mitosis .
3.So we fuse lymphocytes iwth a tumor cells as turmor cells re very good at dividing by mitosis .
4.The cell produces a hybridomia - these cells can produce specific antibodies and divide by mitossis .
5.Se;ect an single hybridomia cell producing the antiody we want .
6.we now allow this hybridomia cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of indentical hybridomia cells .
these anibodies are all identical .

Question 36

why are they all called monoclonal antibodies

Answer 36

because they came fro a single hybridomia clone .

Question 37

what is the benefit of monoclonal antiboides being speicifc oto one binding site in one protein antigen .

Answer 37

The benefit is that monoclonal antiboides target speicifc chemical or specific cellls in the body .Meaning monoclonal antiboides can have a large number of uses .

Question 38

what antigens can we produce monoclonal antibodies agaisnt

Answer 38

any antigen we want

Question 39

give an example of a use of monoclonal antibodies used for diagnosis

Answer 39

In pregnancy testing , monoclonal antibodies are used to detect a specific hormone .

Question 40

explain the use of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tessts

Answer 40

The monoclonal antiboides that bind the hormone (HGC) that is made at the early stages of pregnancy . Tiny amounts of the hormomne are passsed out of the body in the urine . Monoclonal antiboides in the pregnancy test bind to the hormone if it is present , an this is used to produce the colour change that signals a posive result .

Question 41

Posiitves about using pregnancy test

Answer 41

The pregnancy kit is cheap and easy to use the woman simply urinates on the test strip and looks for a reaction .
The test is also highly accurate if used correctly .

Question 42

Give examples of using monoclonal antibodies in lab testing

Answer 42

we can use monoclonal antibodies to masure the levels of homrones in blood (blood smple)
Can also ise monoclonal antibodies to detect pathogens in the blood (viruses)

Question 43

what are the benefits of using monoclonal antibodies to detect pathogens

Answer 43

monoclonal antibodies are complerely specific to what they are looking for .

Question 44

give an exmaple of the use of monoclnal antiodies for location .

Answer 44

monoclonal antiboides can be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue .

Question 45

how do monoclonal antiboides locate or identify specific molecules .

Answer 45

The antibiodies sitck to specific molecules in cells allowing us to see their locations .

Question 46

how are monoclonal antibodies used for treating disease give exaple

Answer 46

Cancer cells undergo uncontrolled mitosis and they spread around th body .
Sceintists make antiboides specific to cancer cells .
We then attach a radioctive substance or toxic drug to the antibody.
When the antibody is injected to the blood , it attaches to the cancer cells .
The radioactive substance or toxic drug stops the cancer cells from growing and dividing .

Question 47

What is an adavantage eof using monoclonal antiboides in treating diseases

Answer 47

the antibody delivers substance specifically to the cancer cells without harming the other cells in the body .

Question 48

what is the disadvantage of using monoclonal antibodies

Answer 48

In certain drug trials using onoclonal antibodies , they have been found to proudce very harmful side effects .(so only small amount of drugs based on omnoclonal antibodies)