B6 -Preventing and treating disease (Vaccination and herd immunity in B5) Flashcards
What are antibiotics
Antibiotics are substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes which stops thm from gorwing or reporducing (don’t affect the host cell )
why weren’t antibitoics ffect against bacteria , hwat is this called ?
As antibiotics were oversued , the bacteria had evovled so was no longer killed by the antibiotic this is known as ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Why do doctors use speicific antibodies for specific bacteria
as different types of bacteria have different types of structures and thye do not all respond in the same way to each antibiotic .
.why won;t doctors precrbe antibiotics that are caused by a virus
as antibiotics cannot kill viruses , as they are in host cell antibiotics does not effetc hsot cell e.g sorethorat
whata are painkillers
treat the symptoms of a disease by relieving pain
example of an antibiotic
penicillin
t/f painkillers kill pathogens
false painkillers do not kill pathogens .
why is it difficult to devleop drugs that kill viruses without damaging body’s tissue
as viruses live and reproduce inside human cells .
In the past , where were medicines extrcted fro
plants and microrganisms
what plant is used to extract the drug digitalis
foxglove
Where was the painkiler aspirin extracted from
willow trees
give an example of a drug extacted from microrganisms
penicillin from the mound penicillium
who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
How do we get our medicines today
most drugs are synthesised by cheimsts working for pharmaceutical ocmapnies
what s often the starting point for medicines otday
chemicals extracted from a plant .
what are the four things a good medicine should be
effective
stable
safe
successfully taken in and removed from your body
why should a medidcne be effective
it ust prevent or cure a disease or at least make you feel better
why should a medicine be safe
the drug must not be toxic (poisonous) or have any unacceptable side efefcts for the patient .
why should a medicine be stable
you must be able to use the medicine under noral conditons nd store it for some time .
why should a medicine be successfully taken in and removed from our body
it must reach its target and be cleared fromo your system once it has doen its work .
what is the first stag eof preclincical testing
drug is tested on cells , tissues and on live animlas (mouse)
why cannot the preclinical testing be carried out humans
as the drug could e extremely toxic .
what is the second stage of drug testing
clinical testing
what happens in the first stage of clinical testing
very low doses of the drug is given ot healthy volunteers .
in drug testing , why is the durg given to helthy volunteers
to chec if the drug is safe in humans
what happens if the drug is found to be safe
the clinical testing continues to find the optimal dose
what is the meaning of optimal dose
best dose to treat diseases with the fewest side effects
what s a placebo
a tablet or injection wth no active drug in it
why do some patients get better if you give them a placebo
as they think they’re are being treated and so they believe that they’re going to get better
Explain a double blind trial
- The test group recieves the active drug.
2. The placebo (control) group eceive a dumm drug which looks exactly like the test but hasnoa ctive ingredients.
Why do neither the patients nor the doctor know which people are receving the active drug and wich are receiving the placebo.
To prevent biads incase doctors pay close attention to people receiving the actiev drug .
what do lymphoctes produce antibodies against
they produce antibodies against again antigens
what do scientists call foreign objects
antigens
wgere are antibodies used in
pregnancy tests or cancer treatments
How do we make monovlonal antibodies
All mammals create lymphocytes , therfore , we can inkject a lab mouse with antigens then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen ,
2. We can collect the lymphocytes from the mouse - however , these lymphocytes won’t divide by mitosis .
3.So we fuse lymphocytes iwth a tumor cells as turmor cells re very good at dividing by mitosis .
4.The cell produces a hybridomia - these cells can produce specific antibodies and divide by mitossis .
5.Se;ect an single hybridomia cell producing the antiody we want .
6.we now allow this hybridomia cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of indentical hybridomia cells .
these anibodies are all identical .
why are they all called monoclonal antibodies
because they came fro a single hybridomia clone .
what is the benefit of monoclonal antiboides being speicifc oto one binding site in one protein antigen .
The benefit is that monoclonal antiboides target speicifc chemical or specific cellls in the body .Meaning monoclonal antiboides can have a large number of uses .
what antigens can we produce monoclonal antibodies agaisnt
any antigen we want
give an example of a use of monoclonal antibodies used for diagnosis
In pregnancy testing , monoclonal antibodies are used to detect a specific hormone .
explain the use of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tessts
The monoclonal antiboides that bind the hormone (HGC) that is made at the early stages of pregnancy . Tiny amounts of the hormomne are passsed out of the body in the urine . Monoclonal antiboides in the pregnancy test bind to the hormone if it is present , an this is used to produce the colour change that signals a posive result .
Posiitves about using pregnancy test
The pregnancy kit is cheap and easy to use the woman simply urinates on the test strip and looks for a reaction .
The test is also highly accurate if used correctly .
Give examples of using monoclonal antibodies in lab testing
we can use monoclonal antibodies to masure the levels of homrones in blood (blood smple)
Can also ise monoclonal antibodies to detect pathogens in the blood (viruses)
what are the benefits of using monoclonal antibodies to detect pathogens
monoclonal antibodies are complerely specific to what they are looking for .
give an exmaple of the use of monoclnal antiodies for location .
monoclonal antiboides can be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue .
how do monoclonal antiboides locate or identify specific molecules .
The antibiodies sitck to specific molecules in cells allowing us to see their locations .
how are monoclonal antibodies used for treating disease give exaple
Cancer cells undergo uncontrolled mitosis and they spread around th body .
Sceintists make antiboides specific to cancer cells .
We then attach a radioctive substance or toxic drug to the antibody.
When the antibody is injected to the blood , it attaches to the cancer cells .
The radioactive substance or toxic drug stops the cancer cells from growing and dividing .
What is an adavantage eof using monoclonal antiboides in treating diseases
the antibody delivers substance specifically to the cancer cells without harming the other cells in the body .
what is the disadvantage of using monoclonal antibodies
In certain drug trials using onoclonal antibodies , they have been found to proudce very harmful side effects .(so only small amount of drugs based on omnoclonal antibodies)
