Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B11 - Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How the body is controlled by chemicals called hormones .

A

The Endocrine system .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the endocrine system ?

A

-It contains a number of GLANDS , These glands secrete hormones directly into the BLOOD STREAM .
-The blood carries the hormones all around thebody .
-But ech hormone acts on specific traget organs where it produces an EFFECT .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ?

A

-The nervous system uses electrical impusles which travel down neurones .

-Wheres the endocrine system uses hormones which are chemicals these are carried in the blood stream .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ANOTHER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ?

A

-Whereas signalling in the nervous system is extremely fast .
-The endocrine tends to produce a much slower effect , which is also longer lasting .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ONE KEY GLAND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - THE PANCREAS

A

-Releases hormones involved in controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ANOTHER KEY GLAND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - OVARIES AND TESTES

A

-Release hormones involved in puberty and in reproduction .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

THIRD KEY GLAND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - THE THYROID GLAND

A

-Produces hormones invovled in growth and regulating the body’s basal metabolic rate (how rapidly the bodies reactions take place ,)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FOURTH KEY GLAND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - THE ADRENAL GLANDS

A

They release the hormone adrenline which is produced in times of fear or stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Final KEY GLAND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - THE PITUITARY GLAND .

A

-Located in the BRAIN .
-It is extremely important , scientist ca;; the pituitary gland a MASTER GLAND as the pituitary gland releases a number of diferent hormones into hte blood depending on the conditions .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

KEY POINT ABOUT PITUITAYR GLANDS .

A

-The pituitary hormones act on other glands causing other homes oto be released .
-By acting on other glands , the pituitary hormones can trigger a range of different effects in the body .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is glucose needed for ?

A

-Glucose is needed by eveyr cells to release energy for respiration .
-So it is very important that the concentration of glucose is kept constant as possible . THIS IS PART OF HOMEOSTASIS .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU EAT A CARBOHHYDRATE RICH MEAL AND YOUR BLOOD GLCUOSE GOES UP .

A

-Blood glucose concentration is monitored by the pancres .
-After a meal rich in carbohydrates , the concnetraiton of glucose in the blood can rise.
-This is sensed by Tthe PANCREAS . the pancreas then produces the hromone INSULIN .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU EAT A CARBOHHYDRATE RICH MEAL AND YOUR BLOOD GLCUOSE GOES UP . Stage two

A

-Insulin travels in the bloodstream all around the body and it triggers the body cells to take up the glucose from the blood .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU EAT A CARBOHHYDRATE RICH MEAL AND YOUR BLOOD GLCUOSE GOES UP . STAGE THREE

A

Insulin also triggers liver and muscles cells to store excess glucose as a stroage moelcule called glycogen .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU EAT A CARBOHHYDRATE RICH MEAL AND YOUR BLOOD GLCUOSE GOES UP . Stage four

A

-As glucose is being taken out of the blood +stored the concentration of glusoe in the blood returns to is normal level . AKA HOMESTASIS HAS TKAEN PLACE .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In some people , their blood glucose control does not work effectively .

A

These people have diabetes .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN TYPE 1 DIABETES

A

The pancreas doe snot produce enough insulin .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN TYPE 1 DIABETES

A

The pancreas does not produce enough insulin .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the graph show ?

A

-Graph shows blood glucose in a person with type 1 , diabetes as a person who does not have diabetes .
-At the start of the experiment , both people ate a meal containing the same amount of carbohydrate .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does star one show

A

-In both cases , the concentration of glucose in the blood rises .
-In ther person WITHOUT DIABETES , the blood glucose concenrations rapidly returns to its normal level . Due to the effect to Insulin .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Star one (2)

A

-However , with a perosn with type 1a high level .
* diabetes . the blood glucsoe conentrations rises and then stays at a high level .
-That is because the pancreas cannot produce a sufficent amount of insulin .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do people with type 1 diabetes treat their condition

A

-They monitortheir blood glucose concentration and inject themselves with insulin if the blood glucose rises too much example after A CARB HIGH MEAL .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHat does star two on the graph show ?

A

-When the person with type 1 diabetes injects themseles with insulin , you can see that thier lood glucose concentration can fall .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

-The body cells stop responding tto insulin produced by the pancreas .
-Again in these patients , blood glucose leevsl rise too ghigh .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated

A

-It is often treated with a diet contraining a controlled level of carbohdyrates .

-THis is to preven blood glcuose levels from rising too high .
-People with type two diabetes are also advised to take exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR TYPE TWO DIABETES .

A

-OBESITY .
-As obesity levels are increasing in the Uk , we are seeing more type 2 diabetes int he U .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF THE BOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION FALLS .

A

-If it is too low , then the pancreas releases the hormone GLUCAGON , into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does glucagon do ?

A

-Glucagon triggers liver cells to convert glycogen stores back to glucose . This glucose is then released back into the blood .
-This causes the blood glucose concentration to return to normal .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Check the grpah , what does it show ?

A

-A persons blood glcuose concentration . T
-this persond oes not have diabates .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-Blood glucose concenration rises slightly and falls slightly over the course of the day . AS YOU CAN SEE .

A

-That is because blood glucose concentrations is controlled by a balance between insulina nd glucagon .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does star one of the triple graph show ?

A

-If the glucose concentration is rises , the pancreas releases insulin ,a nd this cuases the glucose conentration to fall .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

bhWhat does stat two show of the triple graph ?

A

-However , when the glucose concentrationf alls to certain level , the pancreas releases glcuagon . Causing the glucose conentration to rise again . y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a negaitve feedback cycle

A

-Becuase INSULIN and glucagon can have opposite effects on the blood glucose concentration . SO scientits say that they form a NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CYCLE .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are the adrenal glands locted ,a nd what are there effect ?

A

-The adrenal glands are located at the top of the kidneys .
-During times of fer and stress , the adrenal glands produce the hormone adrenaline . aDRENALINE IS RELEASED into the blood .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the EFFECT of adrenaline ?

A

-O ne of the main effects of adrenaline is to increse HEARTRATE . As he heart is beating faster , more oxygen and glucose are delievered into the body to the brain and muscles .

-Both oxygen and glucose are needed for aerobic respiation . This prepares the body to either fighrt or runaway . Scientists call this FIGHT OR FLIGHT .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is the thyroid glands located ?

A

Thyroid glands are located in the back of the neck and this releases the hormone THYROXINE .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

One effect of THYROXINE

A

-Firstly , thyroixine stimulates the body’s basal metabolism .
(Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body 0
-AKA , thyroxine makes the body;s chemical reactions take place at a FASTER RATE ./

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Second effect of THYROXINE

A

-Thyroixien plays an important role in GROWTH + DEVELOPMENT .
-the level of thyroxine in the blood is controlled by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

EXAM NOTE - dont need to know any specifc negative feedbac cycles even THYROXINE , but hsould have a general idea .

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Thyroxine negative feedback cycle p1

A

-Level of thyroxine in the blood is monitored by the brain .
-When thyroxine lvels fall , the pituitary gland releases the hormone TSH into the bloodstream .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Thyroxine negative feedback cycle p2

A

-TSH triggers the thyroid glands to release mroe thyroxine into the blood .
-The increasing level of thyroxine is now detected by the brain .
-This now prevents the pituitary gland from releasinng tsh .
-The TSH levels falls . The thyroid glands release less thryoixine .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A genereal understanding ont hyroxine negative feedback cycle

A

-If the level of thyroxine falls , events are triggered causing the levels of thyroxine to increase .
-If it gets too high ,e veents are triggered to bring it back down .
-THIS IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CYCLE .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Other negtiave feedback systems ;

A

-Blood glucose
-Menustral cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a really important role of the endocrine hrome ?

A

-In the human reproductive sytem .
-During puberty , reproductive hormones cause SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARCATERSTICS TO DEVELOP , e.g ppubic hair .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

IN MEN THE TESTES

A

-Produce the hormone testosterone .
-Tesosterone stimulates the testes to produce sperm .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

IN WOMAN , THE OVARIES

A

produce the hormone oestrogen .
-Once puberty begins , eggs in the ovaries stsart to mature .
-Eevery 28 days an egg is rleased this is called OVULATION .
-The reelase of an egg eveyr 28 days is part of the menustual cycle . .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

S1 - what happens during the menustral cycle ?

A

-Before we look at the hormones invovled , every 28 days , ovlation takes place (the ovaryies relese an egg ) .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

S2 what happens during the menustral cyle ?

A

-In prepartion for this , the utereus lining becomes thick and spogy .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

s3 what happens during the menustral cyle ?

A

-The egg now makes its way down the uterus .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

S4 what happens during the menustral cyle ?

A

-iF THE SPERM IS PRESENT , THE EGG CAN BE FERTILISED.
-If this happens it can implant the uterus all and develop into a baby .
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

S5 what happens during the menustral cyle ?

A

-However , if the g does not get fertilised then btoh the gga nd the ueterus lining are released . We call this a PERIOD .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Four key homrones in the menustral Cycle (1)

A

-Follicle stimulaitng hormones (FSH) - CASES THE EGG TO MATURE IN THE OVARIES .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Four key hormones in the menustral cycle (2)

A

Lutenisng hormone (LH) causes this egg to be released in other words OVULATION .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what happens during the menustral cyle ? (3)

A

Oestrogen (produced by the ovary 0) and progesterone is invovled in maintaning the uterus lining , incase the egg is fertilised and implants .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (1)

A

-In the first tsage (FSH) is released by the pituitary gland . FSH travels into the blood to the OVARIES ,w here it causes an egg to marture .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (2)

A

-FSH travels in the blood to the ovaries where it causes an eggt o mature .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (3)

A

-At the same time , FSH triggerds the ovaries to make oestrogen .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (4)

A

Oestrogen causes the lining of the uterus to become thick .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (5)

A

-Oestrogen also stops the pitruitary gland from releasing any more FSH .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (6)

A

-Instead , the pitruiary gland now releases (LH) , LH CAUSES OVULATION .
-oNCE THE OVARY HAS RELEASED THE EGG THE OVARY PRODUCES THE HROMONE PROGESTERONE WHICH HAS two effects .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is one effect of progesterone ;

A

-It stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH , tht is to prevent any more eggs from maturing or being released .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is another effect of progesterone ;

A

-Progesterone keeps the lining of the uterus thick incase a fertilised egg implants .
-If fertilition DOES NOT take place , then the levels of progesteerone FALLS .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How the hormones of the menustral cycle interact (7)

A

-The uterus lining and the egg are now released and the woman has a period .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

In the exam , we could be asked to interpet graphs of these hormones during the menustral cycle .

A

check sheet .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does star one show ?

A

-The level of FSH rises , and this triggers the ovaries to release oestrogen .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does star two show ?

A

-As the levels of the oestrogen increas e, this inhibits the production of FSH , SO THE LEVELS OF FSH FALLS .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

wHAT DOES STAR three show ?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

wHAT DOES STAR FOUR SHOW ?

A

-Lh triggers ovulation , and once thishappens , the ovaryes release porgesterone . So the progestorone levels now rise .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what does star five show ?

A

However , if fertilistion deos not happen , then progestrone levels falls againa nd the women has her period .

70
Q

-MANY PEOPLE WITH SRUGGLE WITH INFERTILITY -

A

some men can have reduced sperm count .

-Sqome women find it diccult to cocneiceive .
-Many of these people undergo fertiilty treatment .

71
Q

First type of fertility teatment;

A

-FSH and Lh are given to a women , scientists call this combinaiton “fertility drug” , .
-This causes the women to ovullate more than usual .
-Increasing her chcances of becoming pregnant through sexual inercourse .

72
Q

sECOND TYPE OF FERTILITY TREATMENT ;

A

-iN VITRO FERTILISAITON OR ivf ,
-hERE FERTILISATION TAKES PLACE OUTSIDE THE BODY .

73
Q

sTAGE ONE OF ivf

A

-During iVF , the mother is first treated with FSH +LH , causing several eggs to mature .

74
Q

Stage two of IVF

A

-These eggsa re then collected from the mother .

75
Q

Stage Three of IVF

A

-At this point , sperm from the father is collected and is used to fertilise the egg in the laboratory .

76
Q

Stage four of ivf

A

-The fertlised egg then develops into embryos .

77
Q

Stage five of ivf

A

-Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells , these are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb)

78
Q

Stage six of IVF

A

-tHESE EMBRYOS THEN DEVELOp inside the mother in the usual way ..

79
Q

Stage six of IVF

A

-tHESE EMBRYOS THEN DEVELOp inside the mother in the usual way ..

79
Q

Stage six of IVF

A

-tHESE EMBRYOS THEN DEVELOp inside the mother in the usual way ..

80
Q

BENEFIT OF ivf

A

-iT GIVES THE MOTHER A CHANCE TO HAVE a aby of her own .

81
Q

PROBLEMS WITH ivf (1)

A

-Sucess rates are not high .
-IVF is emotionally very stressful for both parents .

82
Q

Problems of ivf (2)

A

-Also physically demanding on the mother (in the tretment with fertility drugs and collection of eggs ) .
-It can also lead to multiple births , this is risky for both the babies and mother .

82
Q

Problems of ivf (2)

A

-Also physically demanding on the mother (in the tretment with fertility drugs and collection of eggs ) .
-It can also lead to multiple births , this is risky for both the babies and mother .

83
Q

Ethical issues with IVF (1)

A

-Not all the embros that are created willbe transferred into the mother .
-This means that many embryos are destroyed and some people find tht unethical .

84
Q

Ethical issues with IVF (2)

A

-IVF is also expensive .
-Some peoplebelieve this moeny can be spent on other medical issues like treatments ofr cancer .

85
Q

Ethical issues with IVF (2)

A

-IVF is also expensive .
-Some peoplebelieve this moeny can be spent on other medical issues like treatments ofr cancer .

86
Q

Artifical FSh how does it help woman conceive natrually who have infertility .

A

-I stimulated the gg to mature and oestrogen production in ovsires so uterus lining builds up .
-Artdial Lh can also trigger ovulation if necesary /

87
Q

How does artifical fsh help women ocnceive through IVF , who have infertility .

A

Artifical FSh can be usd to stimulte the mturaion of manyeggs in the ovares .
-Artificl lh can then be used to brign them to the point of ovulation .

88
Q

Advanatges of using artificial of using artifical hormones to control female fertility .

A

-People have the right to have children whenevr ageism .
-Career demands make it diffcult for women to have children early .

-mnay ot meet the right person until later in life .
-people still cosndiered young at 40 , life expectancies have increased .

89
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

90
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

91
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

92
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

93
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

94
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

95
Q

isadvantages of using artifical treatemnts (hormones) to control female fertility .

A

-chcances of succesful pregnancy are low .
-Cosrltty
-Older parents will be old s child grows .

96
Q

Wha is contraception

A

-Ways to prevent fertilisation .

97
Q

An example of hormonal contraception . The pill

A

-It is oral contrcpetion .
-These contrain hormones which prevent htebpdy from producing the hormone FSH .
-As FSH , causes the egg to mature .
-So taking the contracepivepill prevents any eggs from maturing .

98
Q

Advantages of the pill.

A

-Esy to start an dstop .
-very effective if tken regularly .
-NOn invasive .

99
Q

Disadvantages of the pill

A

-Must be taken every day .
-If a owmen forgets tot ake it , tthereis a risk o prgenany .
-Also there is a risk of breat cancer and bloot clots (although these riskss re low ) .
-Can take a long time to get pregnant fter the pill .
-mood swings (like on a period .)

100
Q

Anothere hormonal contraceptin - using an impalnt , skin patch , or injection

A

-for implant - ainty tube is insergted under your skin and ptch jus stick on and it slwoly releases progesterone same a spill effect .

101
Q

advanatges of implant etc

A

More convenient - dont need to remebet o take evry day . anf like implan alst thre years.
-It is 99.95 perecentge effecitve .

102
Q

disadvanatge of implant etc

A

-same as pill
-it is an invasive porcedut .
-patch must be remebered to be replaced .

103
Q

disadvanatge of implant etc

A

-same as pill
-it is an invasive porcedut .
-patch must be remebered to be replaced .

104
Q

disadvanatge of implant etc

A

-same as pill
-it is an invasive porcedut .
-patch must be remebered to be replaced .

105
Q

disadvanatge of implant etc

A

-same as pill
-it is an invasive porcedut .
-patch must be remebered to be replaced .

105
Q

disadvanatge of implant etc

A

-same as pill
-it is an invasive porcedut .
-patch must be remebered to be replaced .

106
Q

Another diadvanatge of hormonal contraception

A

-not RELATED TO PREGNANCY BUT
-does not protect agaisnt sexuall transmited disses stti like hiv .

107
Q

Another diadvanatge of hormonal contraception

A

-not RELATED TO PREGNANCY BUT
-does not protect agaisnt sexuall transmited disses stti like hiv .

108
Q

Another form of contracpetioni s the BARRIER METHOD .
-Like a condom or diaphragm .

A

-these prevent the sperm from releasing na gg .
-They are effective form of contraception if sued correclty .
-they dont use hormones os no side efects .
HOWEVR - a condom can break or slip off
-also it does reduce the risk of sti .

109
Q

Another form of contraception is CHEMICAL METHODS - spermicide .
-Both condoms and diaphragm are more effective if theya re used with a spermicide gel .

A

Spermicides ill or disable sperm and reduce the chances of fertilistion

110
Q

Inauternide devidcded - woemn use htis also known as Iud or coil

A

-Prevent an merbyo fromimpalnting .
-SOME COILS ,a lso release hromones to reduce the chances of fertilisation .
Advanatge highlye fective can prevent pregncny for u p to ten eats , very few side effects .
-disadvantages - dosent affect agaisnt stis .

111
Q

Some people use contracpetion - sugricla methods called sterilisation .

A

-In women it prevent the egg from reaching the ueterus .
-In men tit prevents the perm from leaving the penis .
advanatege highly effective .
DISADVANATAG - veryd ifficult to reverse , needs ot be certain dont want children .
-also dont protect agaisnt stis .

112
Q

Final form of contracrption ;

A

-Abstaining rom sexual intercourse during the time after ovulation .
-IT is a nutral fom of contracpetion .
Disadcanatge - hard to tell a omn has ovulaged , making natural contracpetio nd ifficlt ,and dont presvent sti .
-No side effects advanatge .

113
Q

Strong opinions on contrception

A

-Catholic church reaches contraception to be unethical - and to only use natural methods .
-ohers belive it is apersons rights to choose what contracpetion is the best
-actuallyg ood condoms for exmpale prevent sti soo benefit .

114
Q

plants growing towards the light ?

A

phototropism (positive)

115
Q

if we shine light from one side only

A

shoots grow toward the light .
-ThERE ARE A NUMBER OF EAYS SCIENISTS TRIED TO FIND THE CUAE OF THIS .

116
Q

One way
-scientists removed the very tips of the shoots .

A

-they foundthat the shoots did not grow toards the light .
-Scientists then suggested that the shoot tips produce a plant hormone , this hormone is called AUXIN .

117
Q

Another way .
-scieniss then covered the tips of the shoots with foil to BLOCKOUT the lgiht .

A

-the shoots did not grow toards the lkight . This tells us the tips are SENSITIVE to light .

118
Q

Final way
-scientists then used foil to cover the lower parts of the shoots .

A

-In this case , the shootsgrew towards the light as nromal .
-This tells us that the lower parts of the shoot ARE NOT sensitive to light .

119
Q

How shoots use the hormmone auxin to grow towards the light . S1

A

-Auxin porduced at the very tip of the shoot .
-In shoots auxin triggers cell growth .

120
Q

How shoots use the hormmone auxin to grow towards the light . S2

A

-Light causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side of the shoot tp .

121
Q

How shoots use the hormmone auxin to grow towards the light . S3

A

-Auxin now spreads down the shoot .
-This means the cells on the darker side grow FASTER than cells on the lighter side .

122
Q

How shoots use the hormmone auxin to grow towards the light . S3

A

-Auxin now spreads down the shoot .
-This means the cells on the darker side grow FASTER than cells on the lighter side .

123
Q

How shoots use the hormmone auxin to grow towards the light . S4

A

-This cuases the shoots to grow towards the light .

124
Q

Plant roots grow TOWARDS THE FORCE OF GRAVITY .

A

-This si called gravitropism /geotropism .
-This also invovles auxin .

125
Q

geotropism

A

-auxin is porduced int he root , but graivty causes the auxin to concentrate ont he lower side .
KEY - in roots auxin INHIBITS the cell growth .
-SO the llowersidegrows more slowly then the upperside .
-Causing the roots gorw TOWARDS the force of gravity /

126
Q

Plants also use other chemicals to regulate their behaviour (need to knwo 2 )

A

-Giberellins - are important in starting the germination of seeds .
-Ethene - controls cell division and the ripening of fruits .

127
Q

What is the rqp about

A

-How plants use he homron eauxin to control teir growht .

128
Q

What is the rqp about

A

-How plants use he homron eauxin to control teir growht .

129
Q

Investigtion of first rqp

A

-investigting the effect of light intenisty ont he height of the seedlings .

130
Q

Investigtion of first rqp

A

-investigting the effect of light intenisty ont he height of the seedlings .

131
Q

What is the independant varibale .

A

Light intenisty

132
Q

What is the dependant variable

A

height of the seedlings .

133
Q

What is the control varibale

A

volvue of water , type of seend,

134
Q

S1 of rqp

A

-Put cotton wool in three petridishes and soak them with equal volumes of water.

135
Q

S2 of rqp

A

place 10 mustard seeds in each petridish .

136
Q

S3 of rqp

A

leave the petridishes ina warm place nad allow the seeds to germinte .

137
Q

S4 of rqp

A

we need to water the seeds everyday with the same volume of water .

138
Q

s5 of rqp

A

afer a few days th seeds will germinate.

139
Q

s6 of rqp

A

at this point , we need to make sure the three petridishes have the same umber of seedings . (as the number of seedlings is the ocntrol varibale .) (if there are more seeds in one petridish than the others , take seeds out ,)

140
Q

s7 of rqp

A

use a ruler to measure the height of each seedling . We need to make sure the stems are striagt . But e careful not ot DAMAGE the seeldings .

141
Q

s7 of rqp

A

use a ruler to measure the height of each seedling . We need to make sure the stems are striagt . But e careful not ot DAMAGE the seeldings .

142
Q

s8 of rqp

A

place hte petridhses in different ocnditons .
1.in full sunglight - bright windowsill .
2.one in partial light - back of the lab .
3.last petridsh palced in darkness in a cupbboard.

143
Q

s9 of rqp

A

theen emasure hte hgieght of each seedling everyday for 7 consecutive dyas , and record the results in a table .

144
Q

s10 of rqp

A

when the experiment is finsihed ,w e cauclate the mean seedling height for eachdya .
-Also draw diagrmas to show the effects of different light intensities on the seedlings .

145
Q

obersavtion one of seeldiings in light .

A

-the hieight of the seelding sis similar in both full sunlight and in partial sunlight .
-As CHOLORPHYL is a very effeicent at absorbing light energy ,s o plants DO NOT Nneed FULL SUNGOILHT TOGROW .

146
Q

obersavtion one of seeldiings in light .

A

-the hieight of the seelding sis similar in both full sunlight and in partial sunlight .
-As CHOLORPHYL is a very effeicent at absorbing light energy ,s o plants DO NOT Nneed FULL SUNGOILHT TOGROW .

147
Q

obersavtion one of seeldiings in light .

A

-the hieight of the seelding sis similar in both full sunlight and in partial sunlight .
-As CHOLORPHYL is a very effeicent at absorbing light energy ,s o plants DO NOT Nneed FULL SUNGOILHT TOGROW .

148
Q

obersavtion one of seeldiings in light .

A

-the hieight of the seelding sis similar in both full sunlight and in partial sunlight .
-As CHOLORPHYL is a very effeicent at absorbing light energy ,s o plants DO NOT Nneed FULL SUNGOILHT TOGROW .

149
Q

oBSERVATION TWO OF SEEDLINGS IN LIGHT .

A

HOWEVER , SEEDLING SHAVE GOWN towards THE LIGHT OSURCE DUE TO photoropism (AUXIN CONCENTRATE ON THE DARKER SIE SO THAT SIDE GROWS FASTER)

150
Q

oBSERVATION one of seedlings in the dark

A

-they have grown the longest , as seeds usually germinate undergournd , and they grw rapidly to reach the light .
-Keep seedlings in the dark , t hey continue to grow rapidly to reach usnlight .

151
Q

effect two of seedlings in the dark

A

-the seeds ae smalla nd eywllow .
-as once hte seedligns hae used up all their energys tores , they cannot carryo ut photosynthesi sin the dark .

152
Q

effect two of seedlings in the dark

A

-the seeds ae smalla nd eywllow .
-as once hte seedligns hae used up all their energys tores , they cannot carryo ut photosynthesi sin the dark .

153
Q

effect two of seedlings in the dark

A

-the seeds ae smalla nd eywllow .
-as once hte seedligns hae used up all their energys tores , they cannot carryo ut photosynthesi sin the dark .

154
Q

effect two of seedlings in the dark

A

-the seeds ae smalla nd eywllow .
-as once hte seedligns hae used up all their energys tores , they cannot carryo ut photosynthesi sin the dark .

155
Q

effect two of seedlings in the dark

A

-the seeds ae smalla nd eywllow .
-as once hte seedligns hae used up all their energys tores , they cannot carryo ut photosynthesi sin the dark .

156
Q

effect two of seedlings in the dark

A

-the seeds ae smalla nd eywllow .
-as once hte seedligns hae used up all their energys tores , they cannot carryo ut photosynthesi sin the dark .

157
Q

effect of gravity on the seeldings .

A

-petridish is placed on its side in the dark .
-The shoots will rgow upwards agasjnt the direction of graivty .
-thr ROOTS hve gorwn downawrds towards the direction of gravity .
(AS AUXIN INHIBITS THE CELL GROWTH IN ROOTS , gravityc uses the auxin to build up on thr lowerside of the root .)
-This now grows more slow y and makes the roots grow in the direction of gravity .

158
Q

Auxins have three main uses

A

1.auxins ae used as weed killers (In gardens ) .
2.Auxins are used in rooting powders (saw than in the plan hormones topics when TAKING CUTTINGS.)
-Auxin is used fo rporomtoing growth in tissue cultures (Saw in cloning plnts topic .)

159
Q

gibberelins are anohter type of plant hormones they have three different uses

A

-gibberelins can be used to end seed dormancy (they can ofrce a seed to germinate early then it normally would .)
-gibberelins can aslo be used to encoruage plants to flower .
-gibberleins can be used to mke fruit gro larger .

160
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

161
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

162
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

163
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

164
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

165
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

166
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

167
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

168
Q

ethene (bananas(

A

-Banans are usually harvested before they are ripe .
-These are then tranported long distances and can be stored before they are needed .
-Ethene is then used to trigger bananas to ripent , just before they are sold in the uk .

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions