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Biology > B16 - Adaptations , interdependence and competition > Flashcards

B16 - Adaptations , interdependence and competition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a habitat ?

A

The environment in which organism lives in .

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2
Q

What is a populaiton ?

A

The total number of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area .

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3
Q

What is a community /

A

Is the population of all the diferent species that live in the same habitat .

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4
Q 
Biotic - living  (plants+animals)
abioic nonliving (sunlight)
A

.

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5
Q

What is an ecosytem ?

A

The abitoic and bitoic parts of an environement and how they interact with eachother .

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6
Q
  • Living organisms require a supply of materials fromt eir surroundigns - e.g water ..
  • they also get it from other lviign organisms .
A

,

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7
Q

Porvlem with resources in an ecosytem ?

A

-Tey are often in shoort spply , thereofre living organisms have to COMPETE with eachother .

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8
Q

Exam question , describe resources organsims compete for .

A

all answers elow .

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9
Q

What do plants compete for ?

A
  • Light and space

- As well as water , mienral ions in the soil .

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10
Q

What do animals compete for ?

A

-Animals compete with eachother for food water , mating partners and for territory .

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11
Q

-All the differnet species in a communtiy dpeend on eachorr - known as INTERDEPENDENCE .

A

Others for oof - lions eat gazzeles

eating plants herbivores .

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12
Q

Living organisms also provide shelter .

A

.

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13
Q

How do plants dpend on animals ?

A

-Plants also depend on animals - bees to spread poln .
birds to dispense sseds ont heir faeces .
-One species disappaearing effetcs whole community .

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14
Q

What is a stable community ?

A

In most communties , population of diferent species remains fairly cosntan .
-Populations of organsims are in balance with eacother and with abitoic resources (water).

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15
Q

What is one biotic factor

A

AVAILABILITY OF FOOD

  • All animals eat other living organisms .
  • Aall sources of food are bitoic facotrs , if availability of food falls , then he number of organsims in a community also fall .
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16
Q

What is the second bitoic factor ?

A

ARRIVAL OF A NEW PREDATOR

  • Can cause the population of a prey specties to fall
  • A new predator can also affect existing predators - if they are competing for the same prey .
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17
Q

What is the third biotic factor ?

A

COMPETITION
-If a speces is outcompeted , its populaion can fall so much , that the numbers are no longer sufficent to breed and the species may become extinct

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18
Q

What is the fourth biotic factor

A

NEW PATOGEN

-If an infectious disease emerges , then spread can wipe out populaiton of a species .

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19
Q

What is the first abitoic factor ?

A

LIGHT INTENSITY

  • can have a major effect on plants , all plants need light to carry out phtoosynthesis .
  • Light intensity too low , rate of photosynthesis falls and plants grow more slowly .
  • If plants grow more slowly , then animals which feed on plants may not have enough food .
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20
Q

What is the second abiotic factor ?

A

TEMPERATURE
-If the temperature of an environemnt canges , could cause the distribution of species to change . (animals migrating , plant species simply disappearin from that area .)

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21
Q

What is the third abiotic factor ?

A

Water - both plants and animals relian on it , so its a major abitoic factor .

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22
Q

What is the fourth abiotic factor ?

A
  • PH + Mineral content in soil is an important abiotic factor for plants .
  • Many plants cannot grow on soil which is too acidic or too alkaline .
  • Plants also need certain mineral sin the soil - for example nitrate , which is used to make amino acids for protein .
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23
Q

What fifth the fifth abiotic factor ?

A

-Wind intensity and direction another abiotic factor wich can effect plants . (Storng winds blowing inalnd from the sea can cause the plants to loose water .)

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24
Q

What is the sixth abitoic factor ?

A

Carbondioxide and oxygen gas - Co2 is needed for plants to photosynthesise - so if CO2 levels decrease , rate of photosynthesis also decreases .
-Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration (dissolved oxygen in water can fall e.g ot days , harmful to aquatic organisms .)

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25
Q

What is samplign used for ?

A

Scientists can detemine the number of organsims in an area .

26
Q

There are two ways to sample what are tey ?

A
  • Random Sampling

- Sampling along a transect

27
Q

What is Random Sampling

A

Used to compare te numbers of organsims in different areas .

  • To do this we use a uadrat - wooden or plastic suare .
  • Place it on the ground and count te number of organsims inside the quadrat .
28
Q

Why is Random Smapling sed

A

Used to sample lants and slow-moving animals .

29
Q

WHEN to use Random Sampling ?

A

Scientists investigate hy[tothesis
“Fewer Ferns are found in light conditions tan dark conditions .” So we are comparing two different areas one with lig and other iwth dark conditions os need random sampling.

30
Q

How Random Samplign works

A

So a habtat iwh lots of dasies ferns and dandelions .

  • In random samplign , wuadrat placed a random locaions across area .
  • Random numbers used to selct the different locations .
  • Count the numbers of each ogranism in the uadrat .
  • Move the quadrat to different locations . Keep doing this until you have sampled a large number of random loacations . (REPEAT FOR DARK CONDITIONS )
31
Q

Why do you need to place quadrats in a large number of random locations ?

A

As you are more likely to get valid results .
-Placing the quadrat only once , you are less likely to be giving a sample that accurately represents th whole area . Doing this technique allows us to compare different species of plans in ligt +dark conditions .

32
Q

When else can random samplign be used ?

A

-To esimate the total populaiton of size of species in an area .
CHECK SHEET FOR EQUATION .

33
Q

Why is sampling along a transect done ?

A
  • I s used if we want to invesitgate whether te number of species have changed as we move across a habitat .
  • A transect is simply a line such as a ape measure or a piece of rope .
  • Place the transect so it runs acroos the abitt we are looking at .
34
Q

How transect lines work .

A
  • Place the transect so it runs acroos the abitt we are looking at .
  • We then use a quadrat to count the number of organisms at intervals along the rransect .
    (e. g sand dunes - species of plantss on sandunes change as we move inalnd from sea .)
35
Q

What is the RQP for samplign organsism about .

A
  • Start by estimating the total populaiton of dasies in a ield , to do this we use RANDOM SAMLING . (Remember the details for Random sampling ) -
  • We are going to use a quadrat that is 0.5m by 0.5m .
36
Q

First stage of the RQP for Random Sampling .

A

-We place two tape measures at right angles . Tape emasures should be 20m in length .

37
Q

Second stage of the RQP for Random Sampling .

A

We then need two bags and each bag contains the numbers 1-20 .

38
Q

Third stage of the RQP for Random Sampling .

A

(Students work in groups of three in this RQP )

  • First student removes a number from the bag (e.g8) . This student now moves to 8m point on one of the tape measures .
  • The second student then selects a number from their bag , and moves to that point on the tape measure (12) THESE NUMBERS ARE UST EXAMPLES .
39
Q

Fourth stage of the RQP for Random Sampling .

A

-Now the third studnet plces a quadrat on the ground at the 8m by 12m point
check sheet to see what it looks like .
-The students now record the number of daisies in the first quadrat .

40
Q

Fifth stage of the RQP for Random Sampling .

A

Students then reutrn the numbers back to the bag , and repeat the process nine more times for a total of ten samples . (Imagine the students counted 300 dasies across ten quadrts ) .

41
Q

Sixth stage of the RQP for Random Sampling .

A

Now need to estimate the total population of daises in the whole field . (use equation on the last page ) .
400M/2.5 *10
Check reasoing for each number in equation or chekc video if stuck .

42
Q

What could be a probelm with the estimate of the total populiton in the RQP ?

A

-As it it is n estimate , dosen’t have to represent the whole area .
-Much higher amounts of dasies in some areas than other .
IF YOU THINK THATS THE CASE
- Increase the number of quadrat throws to cover a greater percenage of area .

43
Q

What else do you have to do in this RQP ?

A

-You also need to measure th effect of a FACTOR on the disturbiton of species (Light intensity on the distribution of dasies ) .

44
Q

Factor affecting daisy disturbiton stage one .

A
  • FiELd of dasies but field also cotains a large tree .

- So need a transect line - to see how disturbiton of daises change from tree outwards .

45
Q

Factor affecting daisy disturbiton stage two .

A

Then use a quadrat - to count the number of dasies at the start of the transect .
-Also read the light intenisty a this point - to do this use a light metre or app .

46
Q

Factor affecting daisy disturbiton stage three

A

-Now move the quadrat 1m down the tape and measure and repeat measurements and continue this all the way down the tape measure.

47
Q

What would be a hypothesis for Factor affecting daisy disturbiton RQP .

A

-To see a greater number of daisies , we move further from the tree . As under the tree, there is a lower light intensity , as plants need light in order to photosynthesise .

HOWEVER
-A tree will absorb a lot of water and minerals fromt the soil , meanning light intenisty isn’t the only abitoic factor effecting the number of daisies .

48
Q

EXAMP REF

A
  • No specific exmaples of adaptations required in the specificaiton .
  • Could be given info on any lviing organism and asked how it is adaped for its environmen .
49
Q

Hwo are camels adapted ? (1)

A
  • Adapted to hot +dry conditons of the deser .

- Mnay are structural adaptations - adapations of body shape or strucure

50
Q

Strucural adaption for camel (1)

A
  • Hump on their back is storing fat . (Fat is a thermal insualtor as it is storing fat in one place it allows heat loss from other parts of camels body .
  • This reduces waer loss from sweating .
  • Meaablic reactions can be used to produce water from the fat .
51
Q

Structural adaptation of animal (2)

A
  • Camels have a thick coat on the upper surface of their body .
  • This insulates the top of the camel from the heat of the sun , Reducing waterloss from sweating .
52
Q

Structural adaption of animal (3)

A

-Inside a camel’s mouth is leathery - meaning they can chew desert plans which often have thorns . These plans can be a good source of water .

53
Q

Structural adaption of animal (4)

A

Long eyelashes to keep dust out of their eyes . Close nostrils to keep dust out of their nose .

54
Q

Structural adaption of animal (5)

A

-Camels have wide feet - prevents the camels from sinking into the sand .

55
Q

Camels also have functional adapations whatd oes this mean ?

A

This is talking about the adaptations to the body fuctions of an organism .

56
Q

Functional adaptations of camels ?

A

-Camels produce concentrared urine and dry feaces reducing wterloss.

57
Q

Functional adaptations of camels ? (2)

A

-Camels can tolerate very large changes in their body emeprature . Helps them cope with the inense heat of the desert .

58
Q

Many animals havebehavioral adapations ?

A

There are adaptations to an animal’s lifestyle or behaviour .

  • kangaroo rat is nocturnal mainly active at nighht , avoiding hea of the daytime .
  • they liv ein undegrounds which keep them cool and portect them from predators .
59
Q

-Many animals are adpated to live in cold conditions .

A

DSTRUCUTURAL ADAPTIONS OF ARTIC FOX

  • Fur provides insulation and reuces hea loss into the air .
  • fur on soles of feet , reduces heat loss to ice and nsow .
  • svery small ears - reduces surface area reducing eat lsos .
  • artic ofx coar is effective cmouflage helping the artic fox hunt it pprey .
60
Q

PLANT ADAPTATIONS

A

-Cacus is adaped to lviign in dry conditions .
PROBLEM - plants face in dry conditions is loosing water though leaves hta is main prolem .
-Cacti have solved problem - soome cactus hve bery small leaves which reduce waterloos .
–some have no leaves at all onlhy spikes which deter herbivores eating .

61
Q

The desert

A
  • The deser is very dr, dosen’t rain ofen , so have etensive and shallow roots cactus .
  • Allowing cacti to catch as much water as possible after rianfall , beore water evaporates or sinks inot the ground .
  • Cacti also store water int heir stem , so ccti survive several months without rain .
62
Q

What are extremophiels

A
  • Some organisms are adapted to live in very extrmee conditons .
  • Extremophiles can live in hightemepraure , pressure and high concentrations of salt .

Biology (25 decks)

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