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GCSE Biology > B6.3 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health > Flashcards

B6.3 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health

A

Health is the absence of disease

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2
Q

What is disease

A

Disease is a condition caused by any part of an organism not functioning properly

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A communicable disease are diseases that can be spread between organisms

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4
Q

What are non communicable diseases

A

Non communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be spread between organisms

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5
Q

What are diseases causes be

A

Diseases are caused by pathogens

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6
Q

What are pathogens

A

Pathogens are disease causing microorganisms

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7
Q

What are some different types of pathogens

A

Parasites, protoza, fungi, prokaryote, virus, prion

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8
Q

What is transmission

A

Transmission is the spread of microbes

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9
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

An infectious disease is a disease that is easily spread from person to person

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10
Q

What do pathogens infect

A

Pathogens infect animals and plants

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11
Q

How do pathogens enter the body

A

Through the digestive system (when food/drinks are shared). Through the reproductive system (during sexual intercourse). Through the respiratory system (by inhaling pathogens). Cuts in the skin (injuries or animal/insect bites)

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12
Q

How are diseases spread in animals

A

Direct contact (touching, sexual intercourse, sharing towels). Air (via coughing and sneezing). Water (contaminated water supplies). Vectors (insects and animals)

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13
Q

How are diseases spread in plants

A

Direct contact (sap from an infected plant can be released through agricultural damage or animals feeding). Air (fungal spores/infected seeds can be spread by the wind or water). Soil/water (in which plants grow). Vectors (humans handing insects)

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14
Q

What are some ways to prevent the spread of diseases

A

Isolation of infected people/plants. Improve hygiene. destroying the vector that transfers the pathogen. Vaccination

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15
Q

Why is your body and ideal habitat for populations of microorganisms

A

Because it’s warm (it is the ideal temperature for many enzymes to work so pathogens can reproduce quickly). Blood and tissue fluid is full of nutrients and oxygen. It is moist

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16
Q

What do bacteria produce, which can make you ill and/or can attach living cells

A

Bacteria can produce toxins that make you ill and/or stack living cells

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17
Q

What do viruses destroy

A

Viruses destroy our cells

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18
Q

How do viruses work

A

They enter cells of other organisms and reproduce inside. The cells make more virus particles. The cells burst when new viruses are released

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19
Q

What is the process of viral replication

A

Virus attacks a cell, inserts it’s genes, ‘tells’ the nucleus to copy its genes, new viruses are made, cells bursts which releases new viruses and destroys your cell

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20
Q

How do farmers identify diseases in organisms/plants

A

Changes in an organisms appearance. Identification of pathogen by its DNA. Identification of pathogen by its antigens (proteins in the surface of a microbe)

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21
Q

How can farmers prevent spread if disease

A

Chemical dips installed on farms to kill pathogens on footwear. Passports to control the movement of livestock. Animals treated with drugs. Crops sprayed with fungicide. Burn plant material.

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22
Q

What are the 4 main types of non-communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes

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23
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

It is a disease of the heart or blood vessels that includes heart attaches and strokes

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24
Q

What are some causes of CVD (cardiovascular disease)

A

When blood flow is reduced by build up if fatty deposits in arteries-this means the fatty deposits harden. Thrombosis

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25
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The narrowing and hardening of the arteries

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26
Q

What is thrombosis

A

When there is a blood clot inside the blood vessel

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27
Q

What are some facts about thrombosis

A

The vessel is narrowed which restricts blood flow. The blood genes to clot. Oxygen and nutrient supply to tissues is restricted

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28
Q

What happens when the heart muscle dies

A

Heart attack!!

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29
Q

What happens when the brain tissue dies

A

Stroke

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30
Q

What factors increase the chance of developing of cardiovascular disease

A

Obesity, smoking, family history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, lack of regular exercise, high blood cholesterol/pressure

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31
Q

How does exercise help to lower your risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Exercise increases the rate of respiration. This decreases stored body fat which builds up muscle. This will then increase metabolic rate, even when resting. So this will dresser the likelihood of obesity and decrease blood pressure

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32
Q

What ways can we use to rate cardiovascular disease

A

Statins prevent blood cholesterol formation. Beta blockers. Aspirin/warfin. Value replacement. Heart transplant. Heart bypass. Pacemakers. Eat less sugar. Exercise more. Less alcohol. Stop smoking

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33
Q

What is cancer

A

Cancer is uncontrollable division of a cell that is abnormal. This may spread to other tissues and can happen when a gene controlling cell growth mutates

34
Q

How does alcohol cause disease

A

The breakdown of alcohol produces toxins. They destroy liver cells if produced over the long germ. This leads to scar tissue formation so reduced blood supply to liver. Then liver cirrhosis. Alcohol increases blood pressure

35
Q

what are some risk factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

A

asthma, pollution, soking, age, chemical exposure, genetics, chronic bronchitis

36
Q

what is some evidence that suggests smoking causes laung disease

A

lung cancer was rare before 20th century (cigarettes introduced at end of 19th century). Cases increased from 1930s onwards (smoking was common duing WW1). More people with lung cancer are smokers (tar contains carcinogens)

37
Q

why might farmers want to identify signs of plant disease at an early stage

A

plants are primary producers, disease in plants can have a huge effects on food, medicines come from plants, crop yield is reduced

38
Q

what are 3 techniques used to digonose plant disease

A

observation, DNA analysis and microscopy (microscopy can help identify specific pathogens)

39
Q

why is observation less useful than microscopy

A

because observation is not enough to identify the plant disease

40
Q

how are species of bacteria identifiable

A

specoes of bacteria are identifiable by their shape and stain

41
Q

how does DNA analysis work

A

every plant pathogen has a unique genome. Scientists can identify these using DNA fingerprinting. Scientists compare an unknown plant pathogen’s genome to a know DNA profile. If a match is found, accurate diagnosis can be made. DNA profiles can be used to identify individual strains of microorganism

42
Q

how does a waxy cuticle help plants to defend themselves against disease

A

the waxy cuticle covers epidermal cells on a leaf. It limits the chance of infection. It is thin in aquatic plants but thick on cacti plants

43
Q

how does a cell wall help plants to defend themselves against disease

A

it is a major defence against pathogens and fungi. It is composed of cellulose with other substances such as pectin. It is a structural barrier

44
Q

how do chemical defences help plants to defend themselves against disease

A

they repell insects and are antibacterial/antifungal compounds

45
Q

what do insect repellents do

A

insect repellents repel insect vectors that carry disease

46
Q

what do insecticides do

A

insecticides kill insects

47
Q

what do antibacterial compounds do

A

antibacterial compounds kill bacteria

48
Q

what do antifungal compounds do

A

antifungal compounds kill fungi

49
Q

what is cynaide

A

a toxic chemical. Some plants make chemicals that break down cynaide compounds when a plant is attacked

50
Q

what is an antibody

A

a large Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens

51
Q

what are phagocytes

A

white blood cells that engulf microorganisms

52
Q

what are variable regions

A

the upper branches of the Y of an antibody molecule, unique in each antibody type, that binds with a specific antigen

53
Q

what are monoclonals

A

identical copies of one type of an antibody

54
Q

what are antigens

A

proteins on the surface of a cell

55
Q

what is a hybridoma

A

a hybridoma is a hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a tumour cell; used to culture a specific monoclonal antibody

56
Q

what is a tumour

A

a new growth of tissue in which cell multiplication is uncontrolled and progressive

57
Q

what are the symptons, transmission and preventation/treatment for gonorrhoea (bacterial disease)

A

symptoms: thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis and pain on urinating. Transmission: spread by sexual contact. Preventation/treatment: antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraceptio

58
Q

what are the symptons, transmission and preventation/treatment for salmonella (baterial disease)

A

symptoms: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea (caused by bacteria and toxins they secrete) Transmission: bacteria ingested in food, or food prepeared in unhygenic conditions. Preventation/treatment: poultry and vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread

59
Q

what are the symptons, transmission and preventation/treatment for athlete’s foot (fungi disease)

A

symptoms: dicolouration and pain in foot. Transmission: walking barefoot in places where someone else has athlete’s foot or touching the affected skin of someone with Athlete’s foot. Preventation/treatment: angi fungal creams, sprays or powders from a pharmacy

60
Q

what are the symptons, transmission and preventation/treatment for malaria (protocista disease)

A

symptoms: fever. Transmission: mosquitoes. Preventation/treatment: preventing the vectors from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten

61
Q

what are the symptons, transmission and preventation/treatment for measles (virus)

A

symptoms: fever and a red skin rash. Transmission: spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs. Preventation/treatment: vaccination

62
Q

what are the symptons, transmission and preventation/treatment for HIV (virus)

A

symptoms: flu-like illness, easily contract infections. Transmission: sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood, which occurs when drug users share needles. Preventation/treaatment: antiretrovial drugs

63
Q

how does the human body defend itself against disease

A

the skin acts as a physical barrier. Platelets help the bloodto clot and seal wounds to prevent pathogens entering. Mucous membranes in the lungs produce mucus, which trap microorganisms. Acid in the stomach kills microorganisms in food.

64
Q

How do white blood cells destroy microorganisms

A

white blood cells engulf and destroy microbes by a process called phagocytosis. Some white blood cells also produce antibodies, The lymphocyte recognises antigens on the surface of the invading pathogen. It produces antibodies that lock onto the antigen. The antibodies are specific for that antigen

65
Q

what are moniclonal antibodies

A

monoclonal antibodies are clones of antibodies made in the laboratory

66
Q

what is the production of monoclonal antibodies

A

B lymphocytes, which produce large amounts of ntibody, are fused with tumour cells that divide quicly. The resulting hybridoma dells will divide quickly and produce lots of identical antibodies (monoclonal antibodies). The monoclonal antibodies will bind to the specific antigen to hich the B lymphoctes have been exposed

67
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used for pregnancy tests

A

monoclonal antibodies can be made that bind to the hormone found in the urine of pregnant women

68
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used for diagnosing cancer

A

monoclonal antobodies can be produced that bind to cancer cells. The antibodies are labelled with a radioactive substance, making cancer cells easy to see on images taken with a special camera

69
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer

A

drugs that treat cancer can be attached to the monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies find and bind to cancer cells, delivering the drug to the cells. Treating cancer with drugs delivered by monoclonal antibodies affects only the cancer cells

70
Q

what are some facts about tobacco mosaic virus

A

It infects tobacco and lots of other closely related plant species like tomatoes and peppers. It is transmitted by contact between plants. It infects the chloroplasts of plant leaves and changes their colour from green to yellow or white in a mosaic pattern. It can make leaves crinkled or curled up. This reduces the plant’s ability to photosynthesise and grow properly, which can reduce farmers’ crop yields. There is no cure, so farmers’ only option is to stop their crops from being infected or reduce the spread if crops are infected.

71
Q

what are some facts about the fungal disease: Barley Powder Mildew

A

The fungus Erysiphe graminis causes a disease commonly called barley powdery mildew. It infects grass plants, including crops like barley and causes a fluffy white growth on the leaves. The disease is common in cooler, damper climates, such as in the UK. Eventually the plant stops being able to make chlorophyll and so cannot photosynthesise to make its own food. This leads to the death of the plant. The fungus produces spores in order to reproduce. The spores can be spread by the wind. Powdery mildew is treatable using fungicides and by removing and carefully destroying infected leaves.

72
Q

what are some facts about the bacterial disease: crown gall disease

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium species that causes crown gall disease in plants. This is like cancer and a tumour develops where the bacterium has infected the plant. Often the tumours appear in the stems or roots of the plants. Many plant species can be infected by the bacterium and so it is a huge concern for farmers.

73
Q

how does vaccination prevent a disease

A

vaccination prevents people from getting a disease. The vaccine contains a dead or weakened version of the disease-causing organism. B lumphocytes recognise the antigens present in the vaccine and produce antibodies, Memory cells are also produced that will recognise the disease-causing organism should the body come into contact with it again. If this happens, they will make lots of antibodies very quickly to prevent the person catching the disease

74
Q

what are some common childhood vaccinations

A

MMR (mumps, measles and rubella), diptheria, tetanus

75
Q

what are memory cells

A

a lymphocyte, which can recognise an antigen that it previously came into contact with and can respond rapidly to it

76
Q

what are antibiotics

A

a drug that kills bacteria

77
Q

what are antibiotics used for

A

antibiotics e.g. penicillin, are used to treat bacterial infections. They cannot be used for viral infections because viruses are found inside cells and the antibiotic would damage the cell

78
Q

what are antivirals

A

antivirals are drugs that treat viral infections

79
Q

what are antiseptics

A

antiseptics are chemicals that kill microorganisms outside the body. They can be used on skin, on surfaces or on wounds

80
Q

why is it important to use aseptic techniques

A

because they minimise the risk of bacteria contaminating the surrounding area and also the chance of unwanted bacteria contaminating the cultures you are trying to grow.

81
Q

what should be carried out when working with cultures of bacteria

A

use alcohol to clean the work surface. Work in a small area surrounding a bunsen burner flame. Sterilise all glassware and media using an autoclave

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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