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GCSE Biology > B1.2 - What Happens In a Cell > Flashcards

B1.2 - What Happens In a Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what is DNA (DeoxyriboNucleiAcid)

A

genetic code that instructs cells on what substances to make

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2
Q

what are chromosomes

A

a single strand of tightly coiled DNA, located in the nuclei of cells

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3
Q

what are alleles

A

a different form of gene

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4
Q

what is a nucleus

A

DNA contained within a nucleur envelope

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5
Q

what is the role of a cell membrane

A

the cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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6
Q

what is the role of the nucleus

A

it carries genetic information

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7
Q

what happens at the cytoplasm

A

the cytoplasm is where many chemical reactions happen

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8
Q

chromosomes are made out of what chemical?

A

DNA

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9
Q

what is a section of a chromosome called

A

gene

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10
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of chromosome that codes for making particular proteins (and therefore controls inherited characteristic)

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11
Q

what is a double helix

A

the DNA molecular structure

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12
Q

what is a sugar phosphate backbone

A

two strands forming the uprights of the ladder. these strands support the base pairs but do not carry genetic information

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13
Q

what are complimentary bases

A

the two connected bases of the DNA ladder that keep the two strands of DNA molecule together

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14
Q

what are bases

A

the rungs of the DNA. these are the part of the DNA that carry the genetic information

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15
Q

what are the 4 types of DNA bases

A

A and T, C and G

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16
Q

what is a polymer

A

a polymer is a molecule made up of many repeating units. proteins, starch and polythene are all polymers

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17
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

a polynucleotide is when its subnits (monomers) are nucleotides

18
Q

what are proteins

A

proteins are polymers made up of small molecules (molnomers) called amino acids. different proteins contain different sequences of amino acids

19
Q

different amino acid chains are folded to form specific 3D shapes. what does this determine

A

this determines their function

20
Q

what is needed to make amino acids

A

nitrogen is needed

21
Q

where is nitrogen found

A

nitrogen is found in plants (from air and fertiliser)

22
Q

what does protein synthesis involve

A

protein synthesis involves transcription and translation

23
Q

where does transcription occur

A

transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell

24
Q

what is the process of transcription

A

1) the section of DNA that codes for a protein ‘unzips’.
2) a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) forms on one DNA strand.
3) the mRNA peels off and moves into the cytoplasm

25
Q

where does translation occur

A

translation occurs in the cytoplams

26
Q

what is the process of translation

A

1) the mRNA attaches to a ribosome

2) transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the correct amino acid for each triplet code

27
Q

what are the 3 components that make up a nucleotide

A

a sugar, a phosphate group and a base

28
Q

what is the rate of enzyme action affected by

A

the rate of enzyme action is affected by temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration

29
Q

how does high temperature and deviation from the optimum pH affect enzymes

A

high temperature and deviation from the optimum pH causes enzymes to lose their shape and become denatured

30
Q

how does low temperature affect enzymes

A

low temperatures slow down the rate of reaction

31
Q

how does pH levels affect enzymes

A

different enzymes have different pH levels depending on where they act in the body

32
Q

what is the optimum temperature for human enzymes

A

37 degrees celcius as this is normal human internal body temperature

33
Q

what happens to enzyme activity if substrate concentration increases

A

as substrate concentration increases, the rate of enzyme activity increases to the point where all the enzymes present are being used

34
Q

what happens to enzyme activity if enyme concentration increases

A

as enzyme concentration increases, the rate of enzyme activity increases to the point where all the substrate present is being used

35
Q

what are enzymes

A

enzymes are biological catalysts and increase the rate of chemical reactions inside organisms

36
Q

what are enzymes made out of

A

enzymes are made out of proteins

37
Q

why is the amino acid chain folded

A

the amino acid chain is folded to make a shape into which substrates (substances) can fit

38
Q

what is the active site

A

the active sit is the place where the substrate fits

39
Q

what can fit into the active site

A

only substrate molecules with the correct shape and fit

40
Q

what happens when enzymes lose their shape

A

enzymes are denatured when they lose their shape

41
Q

what happenes when an enzyme is denatures

A

the substrate no longer fits and the enzyme does not work

42
Q

what is the role of a biological catalyst

A

it is made up of proteins and speeds up the chemical reactions inside all cells, without being used up

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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