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GCSE Biology > B2.1 - Supplying The Cell > Flashcards

B2.1 - Supplying The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what substances do cells need/ get rid of

A

oxygen, water, glucose, carbon dioxide, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fats

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2
Q

what is the net movement

A

number of particles moving in - number of particles moving out

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3
Q

what happens to the net flow when the concentration of particles is the same on both sides

A

when the concentration of particles is the same on both sides, the net flow becomes zero

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4
Q

what is diffusion

A

diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a result of the random movement ofparticles

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5
Q

what state (solid/liquid/gas) does there need to be in order for diffusion to happen

A

in order for diffusion to happen, the substance needs to be a solid, liquid or gas in a liquid

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6
Q

what is equal to the rate of diffusion

A

rate of diffusion = net flow per unit time

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7
Q

what factors speed up the rate of diffusion

A

1) temperature
2) diffusion distance
3) concentration gradient between 2 reas
4) surface area of which diffusion occurs

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8
Q

what is the diffusing particle in osmosis

A

water

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9
Q

what do water particles have to cross in osmosis

A

a partially permeable mebrane

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10
Q

what is osmosis

A

osmosis is a specialised form of diffusion invloving water molecules. water molecules move from areas of high water concentration (water potential) to areas of low water concentration (water potential) through a partially permeable membrane

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11
Q

what is a dilute solution

A

very little solute molecules and lots of water molecules

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12
Q

how is a solution produced

A

when a soluble solid dissolves in water

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13
Q

what is a concentrated solution

A

a lot of solute molecules and few water molecules

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14
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane

A

a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but prevents others from passing through

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15
Q

what does it mean if water concentration outside a cell is too low

A

the cell has become crenated

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16
Q

why does water leave the cell by osmosis

A

water leaves the cell by osmosis because the water concentration outside the cell is less than the concentration in the cell

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17
Q

what does lysis mean

A

when animal cells burst

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18
Q

what does crenated mean

A

when the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell membrane

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19
Q

what does hypertonic mean

A

higher levels of sugars/salts than inside the cells

20
Q

what does hypotonic mean

A

lower levels of sugars/salts than inside the cell

21
Q

what does isotonic mea

A

the same concentration as inside the cell

22
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

the process by which the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall

23
Q

what does plasmolysed mean

A

when the cytoplasm has pulled away from the cell wall

24
Q

what does turgid mean

A

when the cytoplasm pushes against the cell wall (water has moved in)

25
Q

what is active transport

A

active transport is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration

26
Q

how does active transport work

A

1) a transport protein in the cell memrane takes up particles on the outised of the membrane
2) it then uses energy to rotate and releasethe particles inside the cell
3) this energy is released in respiration

27
Q

why do plants use active transport

A

plants use active transport to obtain the minerals they need from the soil

28
Q

cells have lots of mitochondria - how does this make cells perform active transport

A

if cells have mitochochondria they can release more energy via respiration and energy is needed to allow active transport

29
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

cell differention is when one cell changes into another type of cell

30
Q

when does cell differentiation happen in animals

A

in animals, cell differentiation usually happens at an early stage of development

31
Q

why does cell differentiation occur in animals

A

cell differentiation occurs in animals to create specialised cells

32
Q

what is differentiation restricted to in mature animal cells

A

in mature animal cells, differentiation is restricted to replacement and repair

33
Q

which type of cells maintain the ability to differentiate

A

many plant cells

34
Q

what are some examples of specialised cells

A

root hair cells, egg cells, xylem, sperm cells, nerve cells

35
Q

what is mitosis

A

mitosis is the division of cells to produce new cells

36
Q

new cells are needed for what in mitosis?

A

new cells are needed to replace those that die or are damaged

37
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the growth and division of cells

38
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

1) parent cells contain chromosomes
2) chromosomes are copied
3) chromatids (the 2 sets of chromosomes) pull apart
4) two new cells created, each identical to parent

39
Q

what are stem cells

A

stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate to from specialised cells, such as muscle cells or nerve cells

40
Q

where do human stem cells come from

A

human stem cells can come from human embroyos, in umbilical cord blood from new born babies or from adult bone marrow

41
Q

what can embryonic stem cells do

A

embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell

42
Q

which type of cells can only differentiate into the cells of the type of tissue from which they came

A

adult stem cells

43
Q

what are plant stem cells found in

A

plant stem cells are found in meristematic tissue, which is usually in the tips of shoots and roots

44
Q

what are some uses for stem cells

A

they cab be used for testing new drugs. they have the potential to provide replacement cells and tissues

45
Q

what is mitosis neede for

A

needed for growth, repair and replacing old cells

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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