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GCSE Biology > B3.3 - Maintaining Internal Environment > Flashcards

B3.3 - Maintaining Internal Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in response to changes but internally and externally

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2
Q

What are the 6 organs of homeostasis

A 
Muscles
Kidneys
Brain 
Lungs 
Pancreas 
Skin
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3
Q

What is the role of the muscles in homeostasis

A

Increase body temperature

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4
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis

A

Regulates water and mineral ion levels

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5
Q

What is the role of the brain in homeostasis

A

Controls temperature, water and carbon dioxide levels

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6
Q

What is the role of the lungs in homeostasis

A

Remove carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in homeostasis

A

Regulates blood sugar levels

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8
Q

What is the role of the skin in homeostasis

A

Regulates body temperature

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9
Q

What is the normal body temperature and why does it need to be this temperature

A

37* - for the action of many enzymes

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10
Q

What temperature causes enzymes to work too slowly

A

Low temperatures

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11
Q

What do very low temperatures cause

A

Hypothermia and if untreated, death

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12
Q

What happens to enzymes if the temperature is too high

A

They will be denatured

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13
Q

What do high temperatures cause

A

Heat stroke, dehydration and if untreated, death

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14
Q

What is the hypothalamus called and what is it responsible for

A

It is called the thermoregulatory centre and it is responsible for regulating body temperature

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus receive information from (2 examples)

A

Skin receptor cells which monitor external temperature.

Internal receptor cells which monitor blood temperature

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16
Q

What happened when you get too hot (3 things)

A
  • vasodilation
  • sweating
  • body hairs lie flat. This prevents an insulating layer of air being trapped around the body
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17
Q

What happens when you get too cold (3 things)

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • sweat glands stop producing sweat
  • body hairs rise, trapping a layer of air close to the skin which acts as an insulator
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18
Q

What happens in vasodilation (hot) (2 things)

A
  • blood vessel dilation results in increased blood flow toward the surface of the skin
  • increased blood flow beneath the epidermis results in increased heat loss
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19
Q

What happens in vasoconstriction (cold) ( 2 things)

A
  • blood vessel constriction results in decreased blood flow toward the surface of the skin
  • decreased blood flow beneath the epidermis results in decreased heat loss
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20
Q

What happens to the blood plasma and tissue fluid when your blood sugar level is high or excess glucose is made

A

The blood plasma and tissue fluid around cells too concentrated. This can severely damage cells for example, causing cremation in red blood cells

21
Q

What happens to the cells when your blood sugar level is low

A

The cells swell up and burst which is called lysis

22
Q

What is lysis

A

When the cells swell up and burst

23
Q

The pancreas monitors and controls what?

A

The pancreas monitors and controls Blood glucose levels

24
Q

Depending on the blood glucose level, what does the pancreas do?

A

The pancreas releases different hormones depending on the blood glucose level

25
Q

Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels are high?

A

Insulin

26
Q

Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels are low?

A

Glucagon

27
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Insulin causes the liver to take up glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen, which is stored

28
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release it into blood

29
Q

What is the function of the kidneys (3 things)

A
  • filter the blood (remove urea but keep protein)
  • reabsorb small molecules such as glucose
  • control water levels
30
Q

What is the role of the ureter

A

Takes urine to the bladder for temporary storage

31
Q

What flows into the pelvis of kidney

A

Urine flows into the pelvis of kidney from the collecting ducts

32
Q

What happens at the nephron/ kidney tubule

A

Filtration and reabsortion

33
Q

What is the medulla and what does it allow

A

The medulla is a salty region that allows reabsorption of water from ducts

34
Q

What does the cortese contain

A

Contains renal capsule

35
Q

What happens at the renal pelvis

A

Urine flows into this to form ducts

36
Q

What is happening to blood at the nephrons (3 things)

A
  • It is being filtered (water removed)
  • useful substances are being reabsorbed
  • the concentration of blood is being controlled
37
Q

What happens at stage 1 of ultrafiltration

A

A high pressure is built up in the glomerulus which squeezes water, urea, ions and sugars out of the blood and into Bowman capsule. Big molecules like proteins and blood cells remain in blood

38
Q

What happens at stage 2 of ultra filtration

A

As the liquid flows along the nephron useful substances are reabsorbed back in to the blood:
•sugars are reabsorbed by active transport against the concentration gradient.
•sufficient water is reabsorbed by osmosis

39
Q

What happens at stage 3 of ultra filtration

A

The remaining substances (including urea) continuous out of the nephron, into the ureter and down the bladder as urine. The hormone ADH affects the permeability of the collecting duct. More ADH = more permeable collecting duct = more water reabsorbed

40
Q

What is type 1 diabetes and what can this result in

A

Type 1 diabetes is where the pancreas produces little or no insulin which means that a persons blood glucose level can rise to a level that can kill them

41
Q

What treatments are there for type 1 diabetes and how does this help

A

Insulin therapy - involves injecting insulin into the blood several times a day to make sure glucose is removed from blood quickly once food has been digested. This stops the level of glucose in the blood from getting too high

42
Q

How much insulin therapy does a person with type 1 diabetes need

A

The amount of insulin needed depends of the persons diet and how active they are

43
Q

What do people with type 1 diabetes need to do as well as insulin therapy

A

People with type 1 diabetes need to to think about limiting their intake of food rich in simple carbohydrates e.g. sugars (which cause the blood glucose to rise rapidly) and taking regular exercise (which helps to remove excess glucose)

44
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and what does it cause

A

Type 2 diabetes is where a person becomes resistant to insulin (their body’s cells don’t respond properly to the hormone). This can cause blood sugar level to rise to a dangerous level

45
Q

Why is obesity an increased change of developing type 2 diabetes

A

Because obesity is a major risk factor in the development of the disease

46
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated (4 things)

A
  • eating a healthy diet
  • exercising regularly
  • losing worry
  • drugs (which improve the way that the body’s cells respond to insulin)
47
Q

What happens when you shiver

A

The muscles contract automatically and it releases energy from glucose in respiration. Some of this energy is realised as heat to warm us up

48
Q

What happens when you sweat

A

The sweat evaporates so it can transfer more energy from your skin to the environment, cooling you down

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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