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GCSE Biology > B2.2 - The Challenges Of Size > Flashcards

B2.2 - The Challenges Of Size Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for surface area

A

surface area = length x width x 6

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2
Q

what is the equation for volume

A

length x width x height

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3
Q

what are alveoli

A

alveoli are thr dite of gas exchange in the lungs

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4
Q

what do the villi in the small intestine provide

A

the villi in the small intestine provide an exhange surface for the absorption of dissolved food molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals

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5
Q

what do exchange surfaces allow

A

exchange surfaces allow efficient transport of materials across them by mechanisms such as diffusion and active transport

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6
Q

what does the cell membrane provide in simple unicellular organisms

A

the cell membrane provides an efficient exchange surgace

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7
Q

what have multicellular organisms developed

A

they have developed specialist exchange surfaces

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8
Q

what substances need to be exchanged and transported

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, dissolved food molecules (glucose/minerals), urea, water

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9
Q

what should an efficient exchange surface have

A

large SA:V ratio. membranes that are thin. good supply of transport medium

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10
Q

what are some features of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen from lungs to tissue and remove carbon dioxide. no nucleus to carry more oxygen. contains red pigment called haemoglobin. large SA;V. make up 40-45% of blood

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11
Q

what are some features of the plasma

A

transports dissolved substances around the body. contains useful substances. yellow liquid. makes up 55% of the body’s blood volume

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12
Q

what are some features of platelets

A

form clots to stop bleeding. make up less that 1% of blood. very small - allow them to get through blood capillaries

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13
Q

what is the role of the heart

A

to pump blood to lungs and around the body. it is mostly made of muscle

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14
Q

what is the role of the aorta

A

aorta carries oxygenated blood around body

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15
Q

what is the role of the vena carva

A

vena carva brings deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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16
Q

what is the central wall of the heart called

A

the septum

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17
Q

what is the role of the heart valves

A

heart valvesprevent back flow of blood from ventricles into atria

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18
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary vein

A

pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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19
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

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20
Q

what are the top chambers in the heart called

A

atrium

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21
Q

what are the bottom chambers in the heart called

A

ventricles

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22
Q

what are some features of a closed circulatory system

A

blood can move faster and with higher pressure to all parts of the body.
can control where the blood travels.

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23
Q

where does the blood flow in an open circualtory system

A

blood flows outside the blood vessels

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24
Q

where does the blood flow in a closed circualtory

A

blood is always flowing inside the blood vessels

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25
Q

where is blood taken in an open circulatory system

A

blood is taken closer to the cells because no capillary walls between them - could increase the speed of transfer of substances by diffusion

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26
Q

in one cycle, how many times does blood pass through the heart in a single circulatory system

A

once

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27
Q

what kind of heart does a single circulatory system have

A

it has a two chambered heart

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28
Q

what is an example of a single circulatory system

A

fish

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29
Q

in one cycle, how many times does blood pass through the heart in a double circulatory system

A

twice

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30
Q

what kind of heart does a double circulatory system have

A

it has a four chambered heart

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31
Q

what is an example of a double circulatory system

A

mammals

32
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

arteries carry blood away from the heart

33
Q

what is the role of veins

A

veins carry blood to the heart

34
Q

what is the role of capillaries

A

capillaries deliver nutrients to cells and remove waste products from them

35
Q

what do arteries have

A

arteries have thick outer walls with thick kayers of elastic and muscular fibres because they have to carry blood under high pressure

36
Q

what do veins have

A

veins have a large lumen and thin walls, since blood is under low pressure. veins have valves to stop blood flowing backwards

37
Q

what do capillaries have

A

capillaries have very thin, permeable walls to allow substances to easily pass into and out of tissues

38
Q

where are the xylem and phloem found

A

the xylem and phloem and found in the stem of the plant

39
Q

what does the xylem transport

A

the xylem transports water and minerals from the soil to other parts of the plant

40
Q

what does the phloem transport

A

the phloem transports the glucose made in the leaf by photosynethis to other parts of the plant

41
Q

what do xylem vessels carry

A

xylem vessels carry water up from the roots

42
Q

what do phloem vessels carry

A

phloem vessels carry food substances up and down the plant

43
Q

what are xylem vessels made of

A

xylem vessels are made of dead cells

44
Q

what is not in a xylem vessels

A

no cell contents and no end cell walls

45
Q

what are phloem vessels made of

A

phloem vessels are made of living cells

46
Q

what do phloem vessels have lots of

A

phloem vessels have lots of mitochondria to release energy to move subtsnaces by active transport

47
Q

what do xylem vessels have

A

they have a thick cell wall and hollow lumen

48
Q

what is water needed for in a plant

A

1) photosynthesis

2) to support the cells (turgor pressure)

49
Q

what are dissolved minerals needed for in a plant

A

to make other proteins and other molecules in leaf cells in order to grow

50
Q

what is sugar needed for in a plant

A

1) respiration
2) to make other molecules e.g. cellulose
3) to store in roots

51
Q

how are root hair cells adapted in a plant

A

1) large surface area - to allow absorption rates
2) low water potential - to allow osmosis from the cell into the soil
3) large vacuole - to absorb and hold as much water as possible
4) lots of mitochondria - for active transport of minerals

52
Q

how does water enter root hair cells

A

water enters root hair cells by osmosis

53
Q

how do minerals enter root hair cells

A

minerals enter root hair cells by active transport

54
Q

what are the 3 essential minerals plants need to be healthy

A

nitrates, phosphates, potassium

55
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from a plants leaves

56
Q

the more water a plant loses via the leaves….

A

the more water it will need to take in through the roots

57
Q

what is the process of transpiration

A

1) water evaporates from the cells in the leaf into the air spaces
2) water vapour diffuses out of the stomata down a water potential gradient

58
Q

what is the equation for rate of transpiration

A

rate of transpiration = volume water lost ÷ time

59
Q

what are the 4 factors increasing transpiration rate

A

light intensity, humidity, temperature, air movement

60
Q

how does an increase in air movement increase transpiration rate

A

because water vapour is quickly removed after diffusing out of the stomata creating a greater diffusion gradient

61
Q

how does an increase in temperature increase transpiration rate

A

because water evaporates more quickly from leaf cells and diffuses faster

62
Q

how does a decrease in humidity increase transpiration rate

A

because the concentration of water vapour in the air outside the leaf is low so evaporation of water and diffusion of water vapour is fast

63
Q

how does an increase in light intensity increase transpiration rate

A

because the rate of photosyntheis is high, needing more carbon dioxide, so the stomata can open more

64
Q

how can transpiration be measured

A

it can be measured using a potometer

65
Q

what are stomata

A

small holes or pores on the underside of leaves

66
Q

each stomata is surrounded by 2 guard cells. what is the function of the 2 guard cells

A

to control the opening and closing of the stomata

67
Q

what happens if the light intensity is high (stomata)

A

guard cells gain water and become turgid. they curve out, opening the stomata and allow C02 and 02 and water vapour out

68
Q

what happens if the light intensity/ lack of water is low (stomata)

A

the guard cells lose water which close the stomata

69
Q

what do plants need water for

A

photosynthesis, cooling, support, movement of minerals

70
Q

how is the leaf adapted to reduce excessive water loss

A

it has a waxy cuticle. most stomata are on the lower surface. changes in guard cell turgidity to regulate stomatal size

71
Q

what is translocation

A

the process of phloem cells transporting sugars, produces in the leaves, up and down the stem to growing and storing tissues

72
Q

which type of cells make new xylem and phloem as the plant grows

A

cambium

73
Q

where does cell division mainly happen

A

in the tips of the roots and the shoots

74
Q

what can plants do through cell enlargement

A

plants can grow continuously and gain height

75
Q

which type of cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout their lives

A

plant cells

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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