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GCSE Biology > B5.1 - Inheritance > Flashcards

B5.1 - Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition for phenotype

A

Characteristics that are observed in an organism

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2
Q

What is variation

A

Differences within a species

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3
Q

What is genetic variation

A

Genetic material you inherit from your parents

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4
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Th environment that you live in

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5
Q

What are some inherited characteristics

A

Dimples, height, natural hair type, weight, colour blindness, disease, ability to roll tongue, earlobe size and shape

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6
Q

What are some environmental characteristics

A

Language spoken, scar, weight, disease

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7
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of : chromosome, nucleus, cell, gene, DNA

A

Smallest : gene, DNA, chromosome, nucleus, cell largest

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8
Q

what is an allele

A

an alternate form of a particular gene

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9
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a coil of DNA, which contains genes

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10
Q

what is coding DNA

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for protein

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11
Q

what is a diploid

A

refers to cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, e.g. body cells

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12
Q

what is DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex chemical that carries genetic information

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13
Q

what is a gamete

A

a specialised sex cell, which is formed by mitosis and is haploid

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14
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic

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15
Q

what is a genotype

A

the alleles an organism inherits, e.g. BB

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16
Q

what is heterozygous

A

describes when a person has 2 different alleles for a characteristic e.g.Bb

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17
Q

what is homozygous

A

describes when a person has 2 of the same alleles for a characteristic, e.g. BB

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18
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location

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19
Q

what is meiosis

A

Reduction division in a cell in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid

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20
Q

what is mitosis

A

when a cell replicates itself by splitting to form 2 identical offspring

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21
Q

what is mutation

A

a random change in the genetic information of a cell

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22
Q

what is non coding DNA

A

The strand of DNA that does not carry the information necessary to make proteins

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23
Q

what is a recessive

A

a characteristic only expresssed if both alleles for that characteristic are present

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24
Q

what is variant

A

an altered gene that forms when DNA is copied

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25
Q

what does dominant mean

A

refers to a characteristic that will show even if only one allele is present

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26
Q

what is a haploid

A

a cell or organism containing only single chromosomes

27
Q

What are the main features of variation

A

The cell divides twice, forming 4 gametes. The gametes are genetically different from each other. Results in variation

28
Q

what is a genome

A

the complete set of DNA

29
Q

what happens in protein synthesis

A

the DNA ‘unzips’ and the mRNA is made using thtr oder of bases from one strand of the DNA (transcription). proteins are folded into there unique shapes according to the sequence of amino acids, packaged and sent out of the cell

30
Q

what is transcription

A

where mRNA is produced

31
Q

what is translation

A

at the ribosome the mRNA is being translated into specific amino acids. translation is where proteins are made

32
Q

what are the 4 types of mutation

A

substitution, insertation, deletion, inversion

33
Q

what are some causes of mutation

A

ionising radiation, UV light, viruses, chemicals

34
Q

what is cell division

A

when a cell reproduces to make more cells, the DNA has to make an exact copy of itself

35
Q

why does cells need to divide

A

for growth and repair, asexual/sexual reproduction

36
Q

what happens during interphase

A

each chromosome replicates so it contains 2 identical chromatids

37
Q

what happens during prophase

A

chromosomes become visible by shortening and thickening

38
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

the chromosomes align up along the centre of the parent cell

39
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

the 2 chromatids in each chromosome are pulled apart to the opposite poles of the cell

40
Q

what happens during telophase

A

there are 2 nuclei

41
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

the cell splits in 2 to producce 2 daughter cells, each containing the same chromosomes

42
Q

what are 2 types of reproduction

A

sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

43
Q

what are some features of sexual reproduction

A

male/female cell. both sex cells have to fertilise. provides genetic variation. important for survival. example: mammals/birds

44
Q

what are some features of asexual reproduction

A

one parent. no genetic variation (clones). cells of body reproduce asexually. example: bacteria, strawberries

45
Q

what are some advantages of sexual reproduction

A

allows evolution, variation, increases chances of species survival

46
Q

what are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

need to find a partner, wastes energy waste in producing gametes, slow

47
Q

what is required for sexual reproduction

A

fertilisation, 2 sex cells (gametes) need to fuse together to make a zygote

48
Q

What are the main features of meiosis

A

The cell divides twice, forming 4 gametes. The gametes are genetically different from each other. Results in variation

49
Q

who was Gregor Mendel

A

Gregor Mendel was a monk who spent years researching inheritance in pea plants

50
Q

what did Gregor Mendel find out

A

Gregor Mendel found that flowers were either purple or white with no immediate colours

51
Q

what 3 conclusions did Gregor Mendel come up with

A

inheritance is determined by ‘units’. an individual inherits one ‘unit’ from each parent for each trait. a trait may not show up in an individual but can be passed on

52
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telephase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

53
Q

How many cell divisions are there in mitosis

A

1

54
Q

How many cell divisions are there in meiosis

A

2

55
Q

How many cells are produced in mitosis

A

2

56
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis

A

4

57
Q

How many chromosomes do the cells have at the end of mitosis

A

46

58
Q

How many chromosomes do the cells have at the end of meiosis

A

23

59
Q

What is mitosis used for

A

Asexual reproduction

60
Q

What is meiosis used for

A

Sexual reproduction

61
Q

Where in the body does mitosis happen

A

Everywhere!

62
Q

Where in the body does meiosis happen

A

Testes/ovaries

63
Q

what are Mendel’s ‘units’ known as

A

Mendel’s ‘units’ are known now what we know as genes

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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