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GCSE Biology > B5.1 - Inheritance > Flashcards

B5.1 - Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition for phenotype

A

Characteristics that are observed in an organism

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2
Q

What is variation

A

Differences within a species

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3
Q

What is genetic variation

A

Genetic material you inherit from your parents

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4
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Th environment that you live in

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5
Q

What are some inherited characteristics

A

Dimples, height, natural hair type, weight, colour blindness, disease, ability to roll tongue, earlobe size and shape

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6
Q

What are some environmental characteristics

A

Language spoken, scar, weight, disease

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7
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of : chromosome, nucleus, cell, gene, DNA

A

Smallest : gene, DNA, chromosome, nucleus, cell largest

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8
Q

what is an allele

A

an alternate form of a particular gene

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9
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a coil of DNA, which contains genes

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10
Q

what is coding DNA

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for protein

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11
Q

what is a diploid

A

refers to cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, e.g. body cells

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12
Q

what is DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex chemical that carries genetic information

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13
Q

what is a gamete

A

a specialised sex cell, which is formed by mitosis and is haploid

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14
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic

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15
Q

what is a genotype

A

the alleles an organism inherits, e.g. BB

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16
Q

what is heterozygous

A

describes when a person has 2 different alleles for a characteristic e.g.Bb

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17
Q

what is homozygous

A

describes when a person has 2 of the same alleles for a characteristic, e.g. BB

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18
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location

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19
Q

what is meiosis

A

Reduction division in a cell in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid

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20
Q

what is mitosis

A

when a cell replicates itself by splitting to form 2 identical offspring

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21
Q

what is mutation

A

a random change in the genetic information of a cell

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22
Q

what is non coding DNA

A

The strand of DNA that does not carry the information necessary to make proteins

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23
Q

what is a recessive

A

a characteristic only expresssed if both alleles for that characteristic are present

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24
Q

what is variant

A

an altered gene that forms when DNA is copied

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25
what does dominant mean
refers to a characteristic that will show even if only one allele is present
26
what is a haploid
a cell or organism containing only single chromosomes
27
What are the main features of variation
The cell divides twice, forming 4 gametes. The gametes are genetically different from each other. Results in variation
28
what is a genome
the complete set of DNA
29
what happens in protein synthesis
the DNA 'unzips' and the mRNA is made using thtr oder of bases from one strand of the DNA (transcription). proteins are folded into there unique shapes according to the sequence of amino acids, packaged and sent out of the cell
30
what is transcription
where mRNA is produced
31
what is translation
at the ribosome the mRNA is being translated into specific amino acids. translation is where proteins are made
32
what are the 4 types of mutation
substitution, insertation, deletion, inversion
33
what are some causes of mutation
ionising radiation, UV light, viruses, chemicals
34
what is cell division
when a cell reproduces to make more cells, the DNA has to make an exact copy of itself
35
why does cells need to divide
for growth and repair, asexual/sexual reproduction
36
what happens during interphase
each chromosome replicates so it contains 2 identical chromatids
37
what happens during prophase
chromosomes become visible by shortening and thickening
38
what happens during metaphase
the chromosomes align up along the centre of the parent cell
39
what happens during anaphase
the 2 chromatids in each chromosome are pulled apart to the opposite poles of the cell
40
what happens during telophase
there are 2 nuclei
41
what happens during cytokinesis
the cell splits in 2 to producce 2 daughter cells, each containing the same chromosomes
42
what are 2 types of reproduction
sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
43
what are some features of sexual reproduction
male/female cell. both sex cells have to fertilise. provides genetic variation. important for survival. example: mammals/birds
44
what are some features of asexual reproduction
one parent. no genetic variation (clones). cells of body reproduce asexually. example: bacteria, strawberries
45
what are some advantages of sexual reproduction
allows evolution, variation, increases chances of species survival
46
what are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction
need to find a partner, wastes energy waste in producing gametes, slow
47
what is required for sexual reproduction
fertilisation, 2 sex cells (gametes) need to fuse together to make a zygote
48
What are the main features of meiosis
The cell divides twice, forming 4 gametes. The gametes are genetically different from each other. Results in variation
49
who was Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was a monk who spent years researching inheritance in pea plants
50
what did Gregor Mendel find out
Gregor Mendel found that flowers were either purple or white with no immediate colours
51
what 3 conclusions did Gregor Mendel come up with
inheritance is determined by 'units'. an individual inherits one 'unit' from each parent for each trait. a trait may not show up in an individual but can be passed on
52
What are the stages of meiosis
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telephase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
53
How many cell divisions are there in mitosis
1
54
How many cell divisions are there in meiosis
2
55
How many cells are produced in mitosis
2
56
How many cells are produced in meiosis
4
57
How many chromosomes do the cells have at the end of mitosis
46
58
How many chromosomes do the cells have at the end of meiosis
23
59
What is mitosis used for
Asexual reproduction
60
What is meiosis used for
Sexual reproduction
61
Where in the body does mitosis happen
Everywhere!
62
Where in the body does meiosis happen
Testes/ovaries
63
what are Mendel's 'units' known as
Mendel's 'units' are known now what we know as genes

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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