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GCSE Biology > B3.1 - The Eye, Brain, Nervous System, Reflex Arc > Flashcards

B3.1 - The Eye, Brain, Nervous System, Reflex Arc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cornea

A

A transparent layer at the front of the eye

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2
Q

What is the iris

A

The coloured part of the eye. It opens and closes the pupil

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3
Q

What is the pupil

A

A hole that lets light into the eye

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4
Q

What does the lens do

A

Focuses the light onto the retina

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5
Q

What does the retina do

A

Changes light into electrical signals. It’s split into rods and cones

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6
Q

What does the optic nerve do

A

Sends the signals to the brain

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7
Q

What does the ciliary body and suspensory ligaments do

A

Control the shape of the lens

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8
Q

The ciliary body produces a liquid called

A

Aqueous humor

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9
Q

What does the cornea do

A

Works with the lens to focus the light

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10
Q

What is short sightedness

A

A defect where people cannot focus on objects far away. The image focuses in front of the retina

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11
Q

How is short sightedness corrected

A

By using glasses with diverging or concave lenses

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12
Q

What is long sightedness

A

A defect where people cannot focus on objects close up. The image is focused behind the retina

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13
Q

How is long sightedness corrected

A

By using glasses with converging or convex lenses

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14
Q

What can be used to treat short and long sightedness

A

Laser surgery

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15
Q

What is colour blindness and how is it caused

A

It is a deficiency in the way colour is seen. It’s more common in men and is caused by a genetic defect on the X chromosome

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16
Q

What is the most common form of colour blindness and can it be treated for inherited colour blindness

A

The most common form is red - green blindness

There is currently no treatment for inherited colour blindness to

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17
Q

What is red - green colour blindness

A

Someone who may confuse a purple and blue pencil because they cannot see the red element of the purple pencil

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18
Q

Rods are..

A

More sensitive in dim light but can’t sense colour

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19
Q

Cones are…

A

Sensitive to different colour but are not so good in dim light

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20
Q

The lens is elastic, which means..

A

The eye can focus light by changing the shape of the lens

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21
Q

What happens when you look at distant objects

A

The ciliary muscle relaxes, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight. This pulls the lens into a less rounded shape so light is refracted less

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22
Q

What happened when you look at close objects

A

The ciliary muscle contracts, which slackens the suspensory ligaments. The lens becomes a more rounded shape so light is refracted more

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23
Q

What is the brain and what is it made up of

A

The brain is made up of billions of interconnected neurones. It controls and coordinates everything you do

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24
Q

What is the cerebrum and what does it do

A

It is the outer wrinkly bit that is composed of the two cerebral hemispheres that are divided into lobes. It’s responsible for things like consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.

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25
Q

What is the hypothalamus and what does it do

A

Involved in maintaining body temperature at the normal level. Also produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

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26
Q

What is the pituitary

A

A gland that produces many important hormones such as some of those involved in the menstrual cycle

27
Q

What does the medulla do

A

Controls unconscious activities like breathing and your heart rate

28
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

29
Q

What is the nervous system

A

a network of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit nerve impulses (messages) between parts of the body

30
Q

What is the nervous system made up of

A

The nervous system is made up of neurones (nerve cells) which go to all parts of the body

31
Q

What do sensory receptors do

A

Detect a change in your environment (a stimulus). Different sensory receptors detect different stimuli

32
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors

A

The information is sent as nervous (electrical) impulses along sensory neurones to the central nervous system (CNS)

33
Q

What does the CNS do and what is it made if

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It coordinates the response and sends information to an effector (muscle or gland) along a motor neurone

34
Q

What does the effector do and the CNS sends information to it

A

It responds accordingly

35
Q

What is the process of the nervous system (words)

A

Stimulus ➡️ receptor ➡️ sensory

neurone ➡️ CNS ➡️ motor

neurone ➡️ effector ➡️ response

36
Q

What do sensory neurones do

A

Carry impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

37
Q

What do relay neurones do

A

Pass the impulse to a motor neurone

38
Q

What do motor neurones do

A

Send the impulse to an effector which is a muscle of gland that produces a response

39
Q

What is a synapse

A

The connection between two neurones

40
Q

What are passed along the axon of a neurone

A

Electrical impulses are passed along the axon of a neurone

41
Q

Neurones have branched endings (dendrites) which means…

A

So they can connect with lots of other neurones

42
Q

Some axons are surrounded by a fatty (myelin) sheath which means

A

It acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse

43
Q

Neurones are long which means…

A

It speeds up the impulse

44
Q

What slows the impulse down and is only long neurone quicker than lots of short ones joined together?

A

Connecting with another neurone slows the impulse down and one long neurone is much quicker

45
Q

A synapse is…

A

The connection between two neurones

46
Q

What does the electrical impulse do in a synapse

A

It triggers the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap

47
Q

What do the chemicals do that the electrical impulse releases

A

They bind to the receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone. This sets off a new electrical impulse

48
Q

Why are reflex actions important?

A

They stop you from injuring yourself and they are automatic so are done without thinking

49
Q

The sensory neurone connects to a relay neurone in the spinal cord or in the unconscious part of the brain which means

Also is the conscious brain involved in a reflex arc

A

There is not time wasted about the right response and it links directly to the right motor neurone

No!!

50
Q

What happens in the first part of the reflex arc?

A

STIMULUS

Touch a pan, bee stings finger

51
Q

What happens in the second part of the reflex arc

A

RECEPTOR

Stimulation of the pain receptor

52
Q

What happens in the third part of the reflex arc

A

SENSORY NEURONE

Message travels along the sensory neurone

53
Q

What happens in the fourth part of the reflex arc

A

RELAY NEURONE

Message is passed along a relay neurone

54
Q

What happens in the fifth part of the reflex arc

A

MOTOR NEURONE

Message travels along a motor neurone

55
Q

What happens in the sixth part of the reflex arc

A

EFFECTOR CELLS

Response by effector muscle is to move hand away

56
Q

Why might scientists study the brain

A

It allows scientists to work out more about what each part of the brain does which is really useful when trying to treat people with brain damage or disease

57
Q

What happens when scientists use case studies to learn about the brain

A

They carry out detailed studies of individuals who have abnormal brain function

58
Q

Why might scientists use case studies

A

If part of the brain has been damaged, the effect this has on the patient can tell you a lot about what the damaged part of the brain does

59
Q

Why might scientists use fMRI scanners (big tube line machines)

A

They show which parts of the brain are activated when performing certain tasks inside the scanner
Also scientists can learn a lot by examining the brains of people who have died

60
Q

If a person is severely brain damaged, why might it be tricky to investigate brain function

A

It may be unethical to study them as they might not be able to give informed consent

61
Q

Why is it tricky to investigate brain function on dead people

A

Studying the brains of people who have died relies on people donating their brains for research

62
Q

Why is it hard to repair damage to to the nervous system?

A

Neurones in the CNS don’t readily repair themselves and scientists haven’t developed a way to repair nervous tissue in the CNS

63
Q

Why is it a problem if a problem occurs in a part of they nervous system that’s not easy to access

A

It can be hard to treat as it’s not easy to access e.g it’s not possible to surgically remove tumours growing in certain parts of the brain

64
Q

Treatment for problems in the nervous system is bad because

A

It may lead to permanent damage e.g surgery to remove a brain tumour may lead surrounding parts of the brain permanently damaged

GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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