B6 (Preventing and Treating Disease)

Question 1

Vaccinations

Answer 1

• inject small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens

- carry antigens and antibodies fight them off and then you become immune

Question 2

2 Pros of Vaccination

Answer 2

• control communicable diseases

- if there a large outbreak of disease herd immunity destroys it

Question 3

2 cons of vaccination

Answer 3

• don’t always work and make you immune

- bad reaction im including swelling and fevers but rate

Question 4

2 drugs to cure problems

Answer 4

• painkillers relieve pain but don’t actually tackle the disease just cure symptoms
• antibiotics kill or prevent growth of bacteria cells but they don’t treat viral as they enter the nucleus of the cells and reproduce

Question 5

Bacteria being resistant

Answer 5

• bacteria mutate causing them to be stronger

- this means it survives and reproduces for more harm

Question 6

2 examples of how plants are used in drugs

Answer 6

• aspirin used in painkillers

- digitalis treat heart conditions

Question 7

Alexander Fleming work

Answer 7

Accidentally left petridish with bacteria and a mould (penicillium) killed the bacteria

Question 8

Stage 1 of drug testing

Answer 8

• preclinical tested on human cells in kabd

Question 9

Stage 2 of drug testing

Answer 9

• used on live animals

- tests efficiency, toxicity and dosage

Question 10

Stage 3 of drug testing

Answer 10

• low dosage on human volunteers

- double blind testing where the doctors and patients don’t know who got the placebo and who got the actual drug

Question 11

How are Monoclonal Antibodies produced?

Answer 11

Produced by lots of single white blood cell to target antigens

Question 12

5 Stages of how Monoclonal Antibodies work

Answer 12

1) tumour cells in lab that divide fast
2) fuse this with the b-lymphocytes which is a type of white blood cell
3) This creates the hybridoma cell
4) Divides rapidly to produce clones of the monoclonal antibody
5) collected and purified ready to bind to any antigen needed

Question 13

4 Advantages of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 13

• pregnancy tests
• treat diseases like cancer
• measure hormone levels
• test blood samples

Question 14

3 Disadvantages of Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 14

• cause vomiting, fever
• low blood pressure
• exspensive