B5 (Communicable Diseases)

Question 1

Pathogens

Answer 1

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

4 communical diseases

Answer 2

• bacteria
• virus
• protists
• fungi

Question 3

3 ways pathogens spread

Answer 3

• water
• air or droplets
• direct contact

Question 4

3 viral diseases

Answer 4

• measles are spread through air and cause rashes
• HIV is from sexual contact
• Tobacco Mosaic damages plants

Question 5

2 bacterial diseases

Answer 5

• salmonella spread in foods

- gonorrhoea spread through sexual activity

Question 6

1 fungal disease

Answer 6

Rose black spots prevent growth and stops photosynthesis

Question 7

1 protist disease

Answer 7

• Malaria in the life cycle (breeding) in the mosquito which is the vector
• through direct contact

Question 8

4 ways the spread of disease is stopped

Answer 8

• hygienic
• destroying vectors
• Isolating individuals
• vaccination

Question 9

5 Ways your body is a defence system to pathogens

Answer 9

• skin is a barrier
• hairs trap particles
• mucus in trachea and bronchi trap pathogens
• cilia stops from being swallowed
• stomach with HCL to kill pathogens

Question 10

Immune system

Answer 10

• this is how pathogens are destroyed

- white blood cells

Question 11

Consuming

Answer 11

White blood cells engulf the foreign cells and digest ghem

Question 12

Producing antibodies

Answer 12

• proteins (antibodies) from white blood cells lock onto the antigen as the specific antibody is made for the specific antigen
• you are immune as they can respond rapidly the next time and destroy the bacteria or virus instantly

Question 13

Antitoxins

Answer 13

They cancel out the toxins produces by invading the bacteria

Question 14

2 Stages of growing bacteria in the lab

Answer 14

1) Agar Plate with hot jelly on petri dish

2) Use sterile inoculating loops to transfer the microorganisms onto the culture medium

Question 15

Stages of the effect of antibiotic on bacterial growth

Answer 15

1) Paper discs in different types of antibiotics and put over the bacteria leaving spaces
2) inhabitation zone created due to the bacteria dying

Question 16

4 Ways to reduce contamination in the antibiotic exsperiment

Answer 16

• sterilised petridish
• sterilised inoculating loop
• medium closed quickly
• stored upside down so stops condensation falling on agar

Question 17

Mineral Ions and deficiancy

Answer 17

• nitrates for proteins
• magnesium ions to make chlorophyll
• if not enough due to lack of stunts growth

Question 18

6 Signs of a plant disease

Answer 18

• stunted growth
• abnormal growth
• spots
• malformed stems
• patches
• discolourisation

Question 19

Plants physical defenses

Answer 19

• waxy cuticle stops entering
• cell walls
• bark on trees with dead cells as layer of protection

Question 20

Plants chemical defenses

Answer 20

• antibacterial chemicals

- poisons

Question 21

Plant mechanical defenses

Answer 21

• thorns or hairs
• drooping or curling to scare
• plants mimic other organisms to scare