B11 (Hormonal Coordination) Flashcards
What is the Endocrine System
These are glands that contain chemicals called hormones. Hormones target organs for effect
Pituitary Gland
Controls Growth
- FSH, LH
Thyroid
Metabolic rate
Pancreas
Controls glucose in the blood
Adrenaline
In kidneys prepares for stressful situations
Ovaries
Controls development of female sexual characteristics
- oestrogen + progesterone
Testes
Controls male sexual characteristics
ADH
Controls amount of urine in kidneys
TSH
Stimulates thyroid gland
Oesteogen
Female sex hormone
Thyroxine
Controls rate of metabolism
Insulin
Controls blood glucose (decreases it)
Glucagon
Controls blood glucose (increases it)
What happens if blood glucose is too high
- insulin released in the pancreas
- glucose taken in by cells
- glucose converted go glycogen in liver
- returns to normal
What happens if blood glucose too low
- pancreas releases glucagon
- glycogen broken down into glucose
- amino acids broken down
- returns to normal level
Type 1 diabetes
- pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin to control glucose levels
- no glucose meaning weight loss and fatigue
Type 2 diabetes
- body stops responding to insulin
- high sugar levels and obesity
- sedimentary lifestyle
Menstrual Cycle (4 stages)
- 28 day cycle
- 4 days blood released
- lining builds up
- day 14 egg released
FOLP + explanation
FSH- helps mature egg
Oestrogen- brings about stimulation of ovaries
LH- controls the ovulation and release egg
Progesterone- increases lining
Testosterone
Male sex hormone stimulates sperm
Lack of Ovulation
Woman not enough FSH so put in artificial put in
IVF (In Vitro Treatment)
- damage or blocked oviduct
- donor cells or donar sperm cells
How doctors help
- FSH to help mature egg
- eggs fertilise in lab and kept in solution to develop embroys
Adv/disadv of fertility treatment
Adv:
- more chance of biological children, save embryos for later time
Disadv:
- very expensive, not alway successful, health issues, more children then expected, ethical issues
Hormone Based fertility control
- pill contain oestrogen
- mixed pill absorb hormones
Chemical control method
- spermicides disable sperm
Barrier method
- condoms stop sperm reaching
- diaphragm over the cervix
Intrauterine Devices control method
- 3 to 5 years stop embryos planting in uterus
Abstinence control method
- rhythm method, don’t have sex on ovulation days
Surgical control method
- sperm duct cut stop sperm reaching semen
- oviduct cut stop transportation
Negative Feedback
- cycle to maintain steady rate
- internal or external environment occur, changes happen to maintain steady temperature
Phototropism
- plants grow towards light to maximise photosynthesis
Geotropism
- plants roots grow down because of grabity
What are Auxins
- plant hormone controls growth
What happens when light from side (auxins)
- receptors activated
- auxin accumulates at shaded side (increase conc)
- uneven growth causes bend as cells elongates
When light shines from the top (auxins)
- receptors activated
- accumulates at top (increase conc)
- elongates cell up
Auxins in geotropism
- accumulates at bottom (higher conc)
- uneven growth to grow specific way
Using Auxins
- make more growth of plants as it’s growth hormone
- increase profits
- used week killers, uncontrollable growth
Using Gibberellins
- hormone for seed germination
- increase size of fruits, increase growth
Using Ethene
- controls ripening of fruit
- food stored unriped which is better, then can be adjusted for sale
