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Biology > B1 (Cells And Organisms) > Flashcards

B1 (Cells And Organisms) Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • made up of eukaryotic cells

- complex include animal and plant cells

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2
Q

Prokayotes

A
  • made of prokaryotic cells

- single celled organism

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3
Q

Nucleus

A
  • animal and plant cell

- DNA stored

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • animal and plant cell

- chemical reactions and enzymes

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • animal and plant cell

- supports cell and controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • animal and plant cell

- aerobic respiration to release energy

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • animal and plant cell

- proteins made

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • just plant cells

- contains cellulose, strengthens

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9
Q

Permanent Vacuole

A
  • just plant cells

- contains sap

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10
Q

Chroloplasts

A
  • just plant cells

- contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis and energy

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11
Q

5 differences between Bacteria and Animals/plant cells

A
  • smaller
  • no mitochondria
  • no chloroplasts
  • don’t have true nucleus, DNA floating
  • can contain extra DNA
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12
Q

Light Microscopes

A
  • uses light and lenses

- can magnify to see cells and nuclei

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13
Q

Electron microscopes

A
  • higher resolution then light
  • uses electrons
  • higher magnification
  • sees smaller things (ribosomes) in more detail
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14
Q

Magnification=

A

Image size / real size

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15
Q

0.0025 in standard form

A

2.5 x 10(^-3)

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16
Q

Relationship between micrometers and millimetres

A

1000 micrometers = 1 millimetre

17
Q

Sperm Cells

A
  • specialised for reproduction
  • long tail and streamline
  • lots of mitochondria for energy and enzymes
18
Q

Nerve Cells

A
  • specialised for Rapid Signalling
  • long cells to transfer electrical impulses
  • branches
19
Q

Muscle Cells

A
  • specialised for contractions
  • long cells
  • lots of mitochondria for respiration for energy
20
Q

Root Hair cells

A
  • specialised for absorbing Water and Mineral ions

- hair stick out into soil giving large SA to absorbs

21
Q

Phloem and Xylem Cells

A
  • specialised for transporting substances (food and water

- Xylem hollow centres and Phloem few sub-cellular structures for flow

22
Q

Diffusion (3)

A
  • spreading out of particles
  • area of high to low concentration (against a gradient)
  • requires energy
23
Q

Where and why does diffusion occur?

A
  • in solutions and gases that have small molecules, through cell membrane
  • particles free to move
24
Q

3 ways to increase rate of diffusion

A
  • higher concentration gradient
  • higher temperature, particles more energy
  • increase surface area, more pass through at once
25
Q

Osmosis (3)

A
  • Movement of water molecules
  • from high water concentration to low water concentration (against a concentration gradient)
  • across a partially permeable membrane
26
Q

What is Net Movement in Osmosis?

A
  • steady flow of water molecules into concentrated solution (not water)
27
Q

3 stages of effects of sugar solution required practicle

A

1) cut potato and get different solution concentration (independent), with one pure water
2) measure mass (dependant), then leave for 24 hours (control)
3) take out and dry measure mass

28
Q

3 potential errors of sugar solution required practicle

A
  • not fully dried effects mass
  • water evaporated from beakers
  • concentration change
29
Q

Active Transport (3)

A
  • movement of mineral ion
  • from low concentration to high concentration (against a concentration gradient)
  • requires energy
30
Q

Active Transport in root hair cells

A
  • allows to absorb minerals from dilute solution

- needs respiration to work

31
Q

Active Transport to stop us starving

A

Allows nutrients (gut) into blood due to the concentration gradient

32
Q

Exchanging surfaces in single-celled organisms

A
  • dissolved substances directly through cell membrane

- large SA:VOL ratio so enough exchanged for volume

33
Q

4 adaptions of exchanging surfaces

A
  • thin membrane, shorter diffusion
  • large SA, lot’s of diffusion
  • Animals lot’s of blood vessels to increase rate
  • Ventilated gas exchange to keep flow
34
Q

4 examples of exchanging substances

A
  • gas exchange for respiration
  • villi for digestion
  • structure of leaves for flow of 02 and CO2
  • gills in fish for O2 from water and CO2 leave

Biology (26 decks)

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