B3 (Organisation and Digestive Tissue) Flashcards
Order of organisation system
- Cells
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organisms
Cells organised as…
- tissues
- group of different types of cells work together for a particular function
- includes muscular, glandular tissues
Tissues organised as…
- organs
- group of tissues that work together to perform a function
- eg. Stomach made up of muscular and glandular tissue
Organs organised as…
- organ system
- work together to perform a particular function
- eg. Digestive system is made up of glands, stomach, small intestine, liver ext
Catalyst
This is a substance which increases the speed of the reaction without being changed or used up
6 steps of Experiment for the effect of PH on enzymes
1) drop of iodine solution on spotting tiles
2) heat water water until 35c with bunsen burner
3) add 1cm3 of amylase and buffer solution in tubes
4) put tubes in beakers for 5 mins
5) add 5cm3 of starch solution and start clock
6) see how long it takes for starch to break down so add drops every 30secs untill iodine solution stats browny-organe
Enzymes
- biological catalysts
- reduce the need for high temperature as they speed up useful chemical reactions in the body
What are Enzymes made up of?
- large proteins
- chains of amino acids with unique shapes
How do enzymes work (lock and key)?
- substrate fits into the active site and if they don’t match it won’t catalyse the reaction
- the active sight changes shape for a tighter fit so it can bind with the substrate
Effect of temperature on enzymes
- increases the rate at first giving it more energy
- eventually when optimum temp denatures (around 41c) bonds start to brake and changes shape of the active site so it can’t bind with substrate
Effect of PH on enzymes
- of too high or too low it interferes with the shape of the active site so it denatures
- usual Optimum PH is 7
- in stomach it is 2 better for acidic conditions
2 rate formulas
Rate (^-1) =1000 / time
Rate (cm^3/s) = change / time
Carbohydrate formula + where it’s found
starch -(amylase) -> simple sugars
- salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Protein formula + where is’s found
Proteins -(protease)-> amino acids
- stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Lipids formula + where it’s found
Lipids -(lipase)-> glycerol
- pancreas, small intestine
What does bile do in the stomach?
- it emulsifies fats (brake them down into tiny droplets)
- increase SA of fat so enzyme lipase can work quicker for quicker digestion
Salivary Glands
Produce amylase enzyme in saliva
Gullet
Transports from salivary glands to stomach
Stomach
- breaks down food with muscular walls
- produces protease enzyme (Pepsin)
- HCL Acid to kill bacteria and correct PH for enzyme
Liver
Bile is produced to neutralise stomach acid and emulsifies fats
Gall Bladder
Where bile is stored and released into the small intestine
Pancreas
Produces protease, amylase, lipase to release them into the small intestine
Large Intestine
Where excess water is absorbed from food
Small intestine
- digestion is completed
- food is absorbed from digestive system to blood
Rectum
Faeces made of indigestible food are stored then released through anus
Test for sugars
- Benedict’s test
- blue to green, yellow, red
Test for starch
- iodine
- brown orange fo black
Test for proteins
- Biuret test
- blue to pink or purple
Tests for Lipids
- Sudan III test
- two layers with top red
