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Biology > B13 (Reproduction and Genetics) > Flashcards

B13 (Reproduction and Genetics) Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells and contain 23 chromosomes, one of each from the mother and father

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Very long molecules of DNA, found in the nucleus

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3
Q

Alleles

A

different versions of the same gene, that codes for a different version of a characteristic

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4
Q

Dominant

A

When an alleles coded by a phenotype is only in one of the chromosomes

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5
Q

Recessive

A

When an Alleles coded by a phenotype is in both chromosomes

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6
Q

Homozygote

A

Pair of alleles that produces the same characteristics

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7
Q

Heterozygote

A

Pairs of alleles that produce different characteristic

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8
Q

Genotype

A

Description of the pair of alleles present for characteristics

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of the alleles

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10
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • genetic info transferred 2 different organisms

- eg. Egg and sperm fertilise

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • only one parent
  • this means offspring is a clone of parent
  • occurs through mitosis
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12
Q

4 Advantages of Sexual (over Asexual)

A
  • variation of offspring
  • increased chance of surviving if change environment
  • speed up natural selection and pass desirable genes
  • increases food production as could destroy genetic diseases
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13
Q

3 advantages of Asexual (over sexual)

A
  • only need one parent
  • uses less energy as don’t need to find mate
  • faster than sexual
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14
Q

5 stages of Meiosis (Sexual)

A

1) Cells divides and duplicates forming 2 chromosomes with genetic info
2) Chromosomes line up in centre
3) Paris pulled apart with parts from each parent
4) 2nd division as chromosomes line up again and pul apart
5) four gametes (daughter cells) each with single set of chromosomes and genetically different

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15
Q

3 examples of reproduction both ways

A
  • malaria as reproduce sexually, but asexually in human host
  • fungus has asexual spores to produce and asexual spores for variation
  • Strawberry produces seeds sexually, then asexually for clones
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16
Q

Nucleotides

A

Strands of polymers that are madd up of repeating units

17
Q

3 Structures of Nucleotides

A
  • one sugar molecule
  • one phosphate molecule (backbone)
  • one ‘base’ and they make up double helix
18
Q

Bases that join to the sugar

A

A-T
C-G
- these are complementary base paring

19
Q

Amino acids ordering in structure of DNA

A
  • 3 bases of the gene decide the order of amino acids

- they join to make many proteins depending on the order of the gene

20
Q

Non-coding parts of DNA

A
  • don’t code for proteins and switch genes on and off to make proteins
21
Q

Ribosomes for DNA

A
  • where proteins are made using DNA code

- mRNA copies the DNA and is the messenger between nucleus and ribosomes for the amino acids

22
Q

3 functions of proteins

A
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • structure proteins to strengthen tissues
23
Q

Human Genome Project

A
  • complete map of 20,000 genes
  • linkage maps track inherited traits/ genetic diseases
  • insight so scientists can cure diseases
24
Q

5 stages of completing a punnet square

A

1) phenotype (Brown Eyes)
2) genotype, parent (BB X bb)
3) Gametes (B,B x b,b)
4) Punnet Square
5) Ratios

25
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • recessive trait
  • genetic disorder of cell membrane
  • build up mucus in air passage and pancreas
26
Q

Polydactyly

A
  • dominant trait

- genetic disorder where you have extra fingers or toes

27
Q

Embryo Screening

A
  • IVF embryos in lab and implanted in womb
  • take out cells to study genetic disorders
  • embryos with ‘bad’ alleles destroyed
28
Q

3 Adv/ 3 Disadv of embryo screening

A
  • stops suffering, treating disorders costs money for government, laws to stop it going too far
  • implies people with disorders are undesirable, everybody may want to do it, exspensive
29
Q

Male and Female Chromosomes

A
  • Males have X and Y

- Females have X and X

30
Q

Mutations of DNA

A
  • random changes of the DNA
  • changes the sequence of bases and changes in the proteins
  • caused by genetic and other factors like radiation
31
Q

3 types of mutations

A
  • insertions where a new base is inserted, with changes the code
  • deletions are where random bases deleted
  • substitutions where random bases are changed to a different base

Biology (26 decks)

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