B6 Preventing And Treating Disease

Question 1

Who originally used aspirin and what was it used to treat

Answer 1

Native americans used to chew on bark of a willow tree to reduce pain. Willow bark contains salycilic acid which is now the main ingredient for aspirin

Question 2

Who originally used quinin and what was it used to treat

Answer 2

The quechua indians of peru used to ground up bark of the cinchona tree. It contained quinine which prevented shivering and we use it now to treat malaria.

Question 3

Who originally used penicillin and what was it used to treat

Answer 3

Discovered by scientist Alexander Fleming unintentionally when he was tidying his laboratory and found a petri dish with a mould growing on it. He saw the mould killed the bacteria around it. He then worked out what bacteria penicillin could kill.

Question 4

Who originally used morphine and what was it used to treat

Answer 4

Ancient greek doctors discovered this from unripe seedpods of opium poppies

Question 5

Who originally used tea tree and what was it used to treat

Answer 5

He australian aborigines rubbed the leaves from the tea tree plant onto their cuts. Recently it has been proven to kill anitbiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 6

What are the three feautures of a good drug

Answer 6

Effective, safe, stable

Question 7

What must a drug do to be a good drug

Answer 7

it must prevent or cure a disease, or treat symptoms

Question 8

VWhat is needed for a good drug to be safe

Answer 8

It must not be too toxic or have dangerous side effects

Question 9

What is needed for a good drug to be stable

Answer 9

must be able to use the medicine under normal conditions and store it for some time

Question 10

What is the price to get a drug to your doctors surgery?

Answer 10

1.7billion per drug

Question 11

What is the process to get a drug to your doctors surgery

Answer 11

Drugs are first tested in a lab using cells, tissues and living animals (preclinical trials)
Then tested in clinical trials using healthy voulenteers and patients
If no side effects are seen, further trials are used to find the optimum dose for the drug

Question 12

What is a placebo

Answer 12

A fake drug used in clinical trials. Similar to the real drug but doesnt contain the active ingredient

Question 13

Why are double blind trials the best type of trial.

Answer 13

So there is no bias in the results.

Question 14

What are the two main types of respiration?

Answer 14

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Question 15

What are the three main ways to reduce or prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 15

• Being hygienic
• Destroying vectors
• Vaccinating people or animals

Question 16

What does vaccination do

Answer 16

helps the immune system to develop defenses against communicable diseases.

Question 17

What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

Answer 17

They can digest foreign cells and signal other parts of the body.

Question 18

What does destroying vectors do and how do they do it

Answer 18

They prevent the spread of disease by getting rid of organisms which spread them. Verctors that are insects can be killed so they dont breed

Question 19

What does the stomach produce that kills pathogens

Answer 19

Hydrochloric acid

Question 20

Wyat is the most important part of the immune system

Answer 20

White blood cells

Question 21

What are the molecukes called that every pathogen contains

Answer 21

Antigens

Question 22

What do white blood cellsdo when they come across a foreign antigen

Answer 22

They will start to produce proteins called antibodies. They lock onto invasing cells so other white blood cells can help kill them. The anitbodies produced are specific for that on etype of antigen so they wont lock onto any other antigen

Question 23

Why are antibidies sent out rapidly around the body

Answer 23

So they can find similar bacteria or viruses to kill

Question 24

What happens if a person is infected by the same pathogen again

Answer 24

They white blood cells in their bidy will rapidly produce antibodies to kill it meanign the person will become natyrally immune to that pathogen and wont be ill

Question 25

What do white blood cells peoduce (2)

Answer 25

Antibodies and antitoxins

Question 26

Why do white blood cells send out anti toxins

Answer 26

To counteract toxins peoduced by invading bacteria

Question 27

Why is it possibke to become ill when infected with a pathogen

Answer 27

The immune system ans mainly white blood cells sometimes take a few days to learn how to deal with the pathogen and by this tim ethe person may already be ill

Question 28

What is vaccinating

Answer 28

Injecting small amounts of desd or inactive pathogen into the body so the immune system canunderstand how to desl with the disease peotecting the body from future infections

Question 29

What do vaccines contain

Answer 29

Weekend versions of the virus they are targetting. These weekend versions arent harmful to the body instead they cause your bidy to create antibodies to attack the virus so in the future the body will understand how to treat it

Question 30

What are two pros about vaccines

Answer 30

They have helped control the spread of many communicable diseases
Big out breaks of diseases (epidermics) can be prevented if a large number of the population gets vaccinated. Even if there are people without vaccinations it is unlikely they will catch the dissase as few people will have the disease to pass it on

Question 31

Two cons about vaccines

Answer 31

Sometimes they dont work and dont give you immunity
Some people csn have a bad reaction to a vaccine however this is rare

Question 32

What is the process of drug testing on humans in a clinical trial

Answer 32

Firstly the drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure there arent any harmful side effects when body is working normally. At the start of the trial a very low dose is given and it slowly increases. If the results are good on the healthy volunteers then they use people who are suffering from the illness. The optimum dose is found - the drug thst is most effective snd has the least effects.

Question 33

How do you test the effectiveness of a drug

Answer 33

Patients are radnomly put into two groups. One group is given the drug and the other group is given a placebo. This is so the doctor can see actual difference the drug makes. These clinical trials are blind (the patient in the study doesnt know whether theyre getting the drug or the placebo. Sometimes theyre double blind where neither the patient nor the doctors knows until results are gathered.

Question 34

What is a placebo

Answer 34

A substance thats like the drug beung tested by doesnt do anything

Question 35

Why is it more fair if clinical tests are double blinded?

Answer 35

Ao the doctors monitoring the patients and analysing the results arent subconsciously influenced by their knowledge

Question 36

What needs to happen before the results of the clinical drug testing are published and why?

Answer 36

The results of the drug testing has to go through peer review which helps prevent false claims

Question 37

What are the three main stages in drug testing

Answer 37

Testing the drugs on human cells and tissues
Testing the drugs on live animals
Testing the drugs on healthy then infected humans