B2 Cell Division Flashcards
What are the main parts of a plant cell
Cell wall, cell membrane, vacuoles
Main parts of an animal cell
Cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane
Main difference of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic doesnt have nucleus so dna is stored in a circular plasmid whereas eukaryotic cells have nucleus where dna is stored
Whats the difference between magnification and resolution
Magnification is the ability to make small things seem bigger but resolution is the ability to tell the difference from two points
How do you calculate the magnification
Size of image/size of realobject
Compare plant cell and animal cell
Plant cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane animal cells only have a cell membrane
What is a specialised cell
Designed to carry out a particular role in the body
How do animal cells adapt
Animal cells Have components that allow them to complete a specific function to adapt
What is dna
A molecule that carries genetic information for the development and function of an organism
What is a chromosone
Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells
How many chromosones do human body cells and gametes have
Human body cells - 46 chromosones in total
Human gametes - 23 chromosones each
What is mitosis
Process where a cell duplicates all of its contents including chromosones and then devides into two identical daughter cells
What is a gamete
A reproductive cell of an animal or plant
What is a chromsone and where are they found in a cell
Thin strand of dna found in the nucleus
What is differentiation
The process where unspezialized cells become spezialized
What does the nucleus of a cell contain
Contains chromosones made of DNA moleculues
What is the series called of cell division
The cell cycle
What happens during the cell cycle
The genetic material is doubled and then devided into two identical cells
Before a cell can devide what does it need to do
It needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replucates to form two copies of each chromosone
What is a gene
A gene is a section of DNA which carries instructions for a particular protein
What happens in cell division in simple terms
Growth
Replacing worne out cells
Repair of damaged tissue
What is the three steps of the cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
What happens during stage 1 of the cell cycle - interphase
The cell grows bigger, DNA replicates, Organelles replicate
What happens during stage 2 of the cell cycle - mitosis
The replicated chromosones line up in the centre of the cell, chromosones get pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
What happens during stage 3 of the cell cycle- cytokinesis
Cell membrane and cytoplasm devides, two identical daughter cells are formed
When is mitosis needed
For the repair of cells at the site of a wound or injury, during growth spurts, and during the production of red blood cells in bone marrow
What is growth
The process of cell dvision followed by cells becoming specialized
How do you make a plant clone
To make a plant clone you take some plant tissue and place it in a petri dish with nutrients and then plant the plantlets in soil
What is the difference in differentiation between plants and animals
Many plants cells have the ability to diffentiate throughout its whole life however in animals cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement
What are stem cells
A cell that has not become specialised
What is the function of a stem cell and what are the two main types of stem cells
They are a repair system for the body and the two main types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
What does process of therapeutic cloning do
It does the transfer of the nucleus from a cell of the patient, to an egg cell
Where are embryonic stem cells found and adult stem cells found
Adult stem cells are found in bone marrow and embryonic stem cells are found in the embrio
What are three things transplanting stem cells could be used to help people with
Nerve injuries
Diseases
Blindness
What is the main difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cell can change into any type of specialized cell however adult stem cells can only change into cells that are close to them
What are positives and negatives of embryo stem cells
Pros:
Can treat a wide variety of diseases
Painless
Cons:
Possible harm/death to embryo
Possible long term affects
Positives and negatives for the process of adult stem cells
Pros:
It is a safe process
Peoceeded a lot of times so it is trusted
Cons:
Possible infection
Process is painful
What are two properties of stem cells
Can replicate many times, has the potential to become specialised
Where are stem cells found in plants
The meristems of a plant
