B4-103 Intro to Development Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
A
3
Q
fertilization occurs in the
A
ampulla
4
Q
steps of fertilization
5
A
- capacitation
- penetration of zona pellucida
- fusion of plasma membrane of oocyte and sperm
- completion of second meiotic division, formation of zygote
- cleavage at 24 hrs
5
Q
what enzyme facillitates the passage of sperm through the corona radiata?
A
hyaluronidase
6
Q
glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane of the sperm
A
capacitation
step 1 of fertilization
7
Q
what enzymes facillitate the penetration of the zona pellucida?
3
A
esterases, acrosin, neuraminidase
8
Q
what is the purpose of the zona reaction?
A
prevents polyspermy
granules cause zona to become stiff so no other sperm can enter
9
Q
what parts of the sperm enter the oocyte?
A
head and tail
no mitochondria
10
Q
what day does morula development occur
A
day 4
11
Q
what day[s] is the blastocyst stage?
A
5-7
12
Q
events of cleavage
A
- 2 cell stage
- 4 cell stage
- 8 cell stage
- morula
increase in cell number, decrease in cell size
embryo size remains unchanged
13
Q
A
14
Q
differentiate between the trophoblast and the inner cell blast
A
15
Q
embryonic stem cells are derived from the
A
inner cell mass
16
Q
are pluripotent
A
embryonic stem cells
17
Q
the trophoblast is formed at week
A
1
18
Q
the trophoblast gives rise to
2
A
cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast
19
Q
the syncytiotrophoblast is responsible for implantation and intitial signs of pregnancy. What mechanisms does it have to aid in this?
2
A
- proteolytic enzymes
- chorionic gonadotropin
20
Q
implantation occurs on day
A
6
21
Q
- abnormal trophoblastic proliferation
- excessive amounts of hCG produced
clinical correlation
A
hydatidiform mole
22
Q
lack of the zona reaction can result in
A
complete hydatidiform mole
23
Q
if a hyatidiform mole isn’t found, it can mutate into
A
choriocarcinomas
very malignant
24
Q
- vaginal bleeding
- pelvic pressure
- enlarged uterus
- HG
clinical correlation
A
hydatidiform mole
25
during week [...] the inner cell mass forms a bilaminar disk
2
26
* organizes the head and mouth
* forms the oropharyngeal membrane
prechordal plate
27
the inner cell mass divides into two parts
* epiblast
* hypoblast
28
forms the ectoderm, amnion, and amniotic cavity
epiblast
29
forms the endoderm, prechordal plate, yolk sacs and extraembryonic mesoderm
hypoblast
30
gives rise to the placenta
extra embryonic mesoderm
| hypoblast
31
* formed from extra embryonic **somatic** mesoderm
* forms at embryonic pole
* position changes during development
connecting stalk
| umbilical chord
32
* forms the placental membrane
* consists of extra embryonic somatic mesoderm
* cytotrophoblast
* syncytiotrophoblast
chorion
33
vaginal bleeding beyond 20 weeks is a sign of
placenta previa
34
in placenta previa, palpation of the placenta can cause
severe hemorrahage
35
gastrulation occurs at week [...]
3
| aka trilaminar disk
36
forms skin, teeth, hair, CNS
ectoderm
37
forms connective tissue
mesoderm
38
forms lungs, GI, GU tracts
endoderm
39
why is there no mesoderm at the oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes?
no blood supply, causes the membrane to disintegrate leaving openings
40
caused by abnormal migration of germ cells or remnants of the primitive streak
teratoma
41
significance of primitive streak
axis is forming
42
the paraxial mesoderm gives rise to
| 3
* muscle
* vertebral skeleton
* dermis
43
the intermediate mesoderm gives rise to
urogenital
| kidneys/gonads
44
the lateral plate of the mesoderm gives rise to
connective tissue
45
extends from the primitive node anterior to the prechordal plate
notochord
46
template for vertebral column
notochord
47
induces neural plate, and with SHH, neuralation
notochord
48
* rare slow growing aggressive neoplasms of bone
* arise from remnants of notochord
* cause headaches and vision loss
chordomas
49
neural crest derivatives: neurons
spinal ganglia
autonomic ganglia
50
neural crest derivatives: pigment cells
melanocytes of skin and internal organs
51
neural crest derivatives: endocrine
chromaffin cells of suprarenal medulla
52
neural crest derivatives: ectomesenchyme
* bone and cartilage of skull
* aorticopulmonary septation
53
major neurocristopathies
| 5
* aorticopulmonary septation defects
* cleft palate/lip
* DiGeorge
* pheochromocytoma
* albinism
54
gives rise to epidermis, hair, nails, enamel of teeth and lens of eye
surface ectoderm
55
gives rise to epithelial parts of trachea, lungs and GI organs
endoderm
56
gives rise to kidneys and gonads
intermediate mesoderm
57
give rise to cartilage and connective tissue of limbs
somatic mesoderm
58
gives rise to heart, spleen, and smooth muscle of GI tracts
splanchic mesoderm
59
give rise to pigment cells, cranial and sensory ganglia and nerves, the medulla of the suprarenal gland, head mesenchyme, and connective tissue
neural crest cells
60
secretes hCG
syncytiotrophoblast
61
* mitotically active
* stem cell layer of the embryonic portion of the placenta
* gives rise to synctioblast
cytotrophoblasts
62
* occurs at week 2
* cells that will form the primitive streak
* will become the embryo proper
epiblast
63
* occurs in week 2
* gives rise to extra embryonic endoderm and extra embryonic mesoderm
hypoblast
64
* occurs in week 1
* will give rise to embryo proper
embryoblast/inner cell mast
65
esterase, acrosin, and neuraminidase are needed for the
| in acrosome of sperm
zona reaction
66
makes zona impermeable to other sperm
zona reaction
67
results from lysosomal enzymes released by cortical granules near the plasma membrane of the oocyte
zona reaction
68
glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins are removed from the surface of the acrosome during
capacitation
69
increase in cell number, but decrease in cell size
cleavage
70
* end of week 1
* syncytiotrophoblast invade the endometrial lining of the uterus
implantation
71
fertilization normally occurs in the
ampulla
72
most common location of ectopic tubal pregancy
isthmus
73
* mitotically active
* stem cells for the embryonic portion of placenta
cytotrophoblast cells
74
* displace endometrial cells at the implantation site
* release hCG
syncytiotrophoblast cells
75
cells that will form the primitive streak and become the embryo proper
epiblast
76
gives rise to extra embryonic endoderm and mesoderm
hypoblast
77
derived from epiblast and give rise to amnion and amniotic cavity
amnion cells
78
displaces endothelial cells at implantation site via apoptosis
syncytiotrophoblast
79
mitotically active and stem cell layer of embryonic placenta
cytotrophoblast
80
gives rise to synctiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
81
will form primitive streak and become embryo proper
epiblast
82
* abdominal pain
* vaginal bleeding
* high hCG
* empty uterus
ectopic pregnancy
83
most likely location of etopic pregnancy is the
isthmus or ampulla of uterine tube
84
* vaginal bleeding like prune juice
* pelvic pressure
* lack of fetal heartbeat
hydatidiform mole
85
rare slow growing neoplasm of bone thought to arise from the notochord
chordoma
86
tumor occuring in the coccyx region thought to arise from remnants of primitive streak or abnormal migration of germ cells
sacrococcygeal teratoma
87
the inner cell mass develops into
embryo proper
88
outer cell mass forms the
trophoblast
89
gastrulation starts with
creation of primitive streak on epiblast
90
ectoderm that forms the neural tube
neural plate
91
induces the neural plate to form
notochord
92
* located at cranial/cephalic end of primitive streak
* orchestrates gastrulation
primitive node
93
as the primitive streak extends cranially, the cells at the cranial end form the
primitive node
