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CP Test 3 > B4-034 Development of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

B4-034 Development of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

oral and nasal regurgitation

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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2
Q

tests for evaluation of tracheoesophageal fistula

4

A
  • NG tube
  • CR
  • KUB
  • bronchoscopy
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3
Q

due to failure of developmental separation of esophagus and trachea

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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4
Q

infants with tracheoesophageal fistula are at an increased risk of

A
  • vertebral anomalies
  • anal atresia
  • cardiac, renal and limb anomalies

[VACTERL anomalies]

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5
Q

the most common type of tracheoesophageal fistula occurs with

A

proximal atresia with distal fistula

[Type C]

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6
Q

which type of trachoesophageal fistula is the only one that would result in the NG tube ending in the stomach

A

H type

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7
Q

what condition may be seen during pregnancy as a result of tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

polyhydramnios

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8
Q

VACTERL

A

V- vertebral anomalies
A-anal atresia
C- CV anomalies
T-tracheoesophageal fistula
E-esophageal atresia
R-renal anomalies
L- limb defects

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9
Q

VACTERL is diagnosed as a

A

non random association of three or more affected organs

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10
Q
  • broncial variation arising from the tracha directed toward upper lung lobe
  • near carina
A

tracheal bronchus

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11
Q
  • scaphoid abdomen
  • barrel shaped chest
  • respiratory distress
  • diminished left lung sounds, cardiac shift
A

congential diaphagmatic hernia

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12
Q

pleuriperitoneal membrane does not close off pleuroperitoneal canal

A

congential diaphragmatic hernia

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13
Q

results in:
* pulmonary hypoplasia
* fewer branches of respiratory tree
* increased muscularization of pulmonary arteries –> pulmonary hypertension

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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14
Q

absence of surfactant

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

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15
Q

diffuse ground glass apperance with air bronchograms

A

infantile respiratory distress syndrome

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16
Q

ground glass appearance of plain film imaging is due to

A

atelectasis

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17
Q

infants born to diabetic mothers can have an increased risk of

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

high insulin inhibits corticosteroids that lead to surfactant production

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18
Q

treatment for neonatal RDS

A
  • administer surfactant
  • CPAP
  • dx patent ductus arteriosus
  • fluconanzole (candida)
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19
Q

preventative steps for neonatal RDS

A
  • antenatal corticosteroids
  • intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy right after birth
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20
Q

severe neonatal respiratory distress is caused by a […] membrane

A

hyaline

made of debris

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21
Q

less urine out= less fluid

A

oligohydramnios

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22
Q

less swallowing = more fluid

A

polyhydramnios

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23
Q

second most common cause for oligohydramnios

A

kidney anomalies

associated with lung hypoplasia (potter sequence)

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24
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia develops secondarily to

3

A

CDH
oligohydramnios
renal agenesis

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25
first most common cause of oligohydramnios
amniotic fluid leaking | restricts "infant breathing"
26
polyhydramnios can be secondary to
TEF
27
collapsed bronchi occur because of weakened or absent cartilage in bronchi
congenital lobar emphysema
28
initial establishment of blood-air barrier occurs during
terminal sac period
29
differentiation of capillary endothelium and type I pneumocytes occurs during
terminal sac stage
30
increase in number of alveoli occurs during the
alveolar period
31
* branching of terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles * branching of respiratory bronchcioles into alveolar ducts | occurs during
canalicular phase
32
* overlaps with pseudogladular stage * 5th-10th weeks of pregnancy
embryonic stage
33
characterized by exocrine glandular appearance with diffuse capillary network
pseudoglandular stage
34
hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia can disrupt
surfactant synthesis | RDS
35
maternal diabetes and C section are risk factors for
infant RDS
36
GI contents pushed into thoracic cavity resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
37
bronchial cartilage does not differentiate normally from splanchnic mesoderm
congenital emphysema
38
results in mucus secretions from the mouth and nose after feeding
TEF
39
* induces bud formation * primary inducer of branching process
FGF10
40
expressed mostly in epithelium and increased at branch tips
BMP4
41
* signaling to mesenchyme modulates FGF signaling * determines sites of lung bud formation
SHH
42
* FGF10 antagonist * limits branching at tips
sprouty
43
inhibits branching
TGF beta
44
in CDH, heart sounds are usually increased on the [...] side
right | shifts right
45
infants with CDH get worse with which resuscitation measure?
BMV | bag mask ventilation
46
hyaline cartilage is derived from the
splanchic mesoderm
47
pulmonary hypoplasia is commonly associated with
oligohydramnios
48
as inspiration occurs, a deficiency of bronchial cartilage inhibits normal expiration
congenital emphysema
49
occurs in TEF, duodenal atresia, and esophageal atresia
polyhydramnios
50
why are newborn lungs denser than adult on CXR?
fewer mature alveoli
51
fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch lined by respiratory epithelium
bronchogenic cyst
52
what stage is associated with the formation of the respiratory diverticulum
embryonic
53
what stage is associated with the formation of the terminal bronchioles
pseudoglandular
54
what stage is associated with the formation of the respiratory bronchioles
canalicular
55
what stage is associated with the formation of the terminal sacs
saccular
56
what stage is associated with the maturation of the alveoli
alveolar
57
# what stage epithelium becomes squamous and there is intimate association with the capillaries allowing gas exchanges
alveolar stage
58
formation of the germ layers occurs during
gastrulation
59
differentiates into the GI tract, lungs, pharynx and GU system
endoderm
60
formation of the epidermis, hair, nails, and external sense organs
ectoderm
61
develops into connective tissues: cartilage, bone muscle and blood vessels
mesoderm
62
separates the layers of the lateral plate mesoderm
intraembryonic coelom
63
forms lateral and cardiogenic mesoderm
intraembryonic coelom
64
lateral plate mesoderm is divided into | 2
1. splanchnic 1. somatic | via intraembryonic coelom
65
forms blastocyst
blastocele
66
contains the fluid in which the embryo floats
chorionic cavity
67
differentiation of the splanchic mesoderm results in | 3
* bronchial smooth muscle * hyaline cartilage * connective tissue
68
forms the diaphragm
septum transversum
69
development of [...] is the first sign of respiratory development
respiratory diverticulum
70
critical in driving branching processes in the lung
FGF10
71
promotes proliferation and differentiation of the mesoderm
SHH
72
inhibits branching by inhibiting FGF
sprouty
73
the inducer for determining the derivatives of endoderm is found in the
mesenchyme
74
caused by failure in differentiation of the pleuroperitoneal membranes
CDH
75
abnormal positioning of the tracheoesophageal septum may lead to
TEF
76
respiratory distress caused by failure of differentiation of cartilage
congential emphysema

CP Test 3 (17 decks)

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