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CP Test 4 > B4-046 CV Embryology > Flashcards

B4-046 CV Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

I think these cards make more sense if the first 20ish are done in order

A

happy studying :)

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2
Q

septation of the chambers

  1. septum primum grows toward endocardial cushions, narrowing
A

ostium primum

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3
Q

septation of the chambers

2) ostium secundum forms in […]

A

septum primum

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4
Q

septation of the chambers

3) septum secondum develops on right side of […]

A

septum primum

ostium secondum maintains R to L shunt

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5
Q

septation of the chambers

4) septum secundum expands and covers most of

A

ostium secundum

residual foramen is foramen ovale

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6
Q

septation of the chambers

5) remaining portion of septum primum forms one-way valve of

A

foramen ovale

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7
Q

septation of the chambers

6) septum primum closes against septum secundum sealing the […] after birth

A

foramen ovale

due to increased LA pressure and decreased RA pressure

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8
Q

what allows the foramen ovale to close shortly after birth?

A

increased LA pressure
decreased RA pressure

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9
Q

caused by failure of the septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

A

patent foramen ovale

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10
Q

can lead to paradoxical emboli

venous emboli entering into arterial circulation

A

patent foramen ovale

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11
Q

ventricle formation

1) muscular interventricular septum forms, the opening is called [..]

A

interventricular foramen

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12
Q

ventricle formation

2) aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form

A

membranous interventricular septum

closes interventricular foramen

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13
Q

ventricle formation

3) growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from ventricles and contributes to […] and […]

2 thing

A
  • atrial septation
  • membranous portion of IV septum
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14
Q

most common congenital cardiac anomaly, usually occurs in membranous septum

A

ventricular septal defect

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15
Q

outflow tract formation

3 steps

A
  1. neural crest cell migration
  2. truncal and bulbar ridges spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum
  3. forms ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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16
Q

conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate

3

A
  • transposition of great arteries
  • tetralogy of fallot
  • persistent truncus arteriosus
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17
Q

what valves are derived from the endocardial cushions of the outflow tract?

2

A

aortic, pulmonary

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18
Q

what valves are derived from the fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal?

2

A

mitral, tricuspid

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19
Q

this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure?

truncus arteriosus

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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20
Q

this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure?

bulbus cordis

A

smooth parts (outflow tract) of right and left ventricles

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21
Q

this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure?

primitive ventricles

A

trabeculated part of left and right ventricles

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22
Q

this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure?

primitive atrium

A

trabeculated part of left and right atria

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23
Q

this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure?

left horn of sinus venosus

A

coronary sinus

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24
Q

this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure?

right horn of sinus venosus

A

smooth part of right atrium

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25
# this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure? endocardial cushion | 3
* atrial septum * membranous IV septum * AV and semilunar valves
26
# this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure? right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
SVC
27
# this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure? posterior cardinal, subcardinal, and supracardinal veins
IVC
28
# this embryonic structure gives rise to what adult structure? primitive pulmonary vein
smooth part of left atrium
29
# fetal circulation blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted via [...] into IVC
ductus venosus | bypasses hepatic circulation
30
# fetal circulation most of the highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is directed through the [...] into the left atrium
foramen ovale
31
# fetal circulation deoxygenated blood from the SVC passes through the RA -> RV -> pulmonary artery -> [...] -> descending aorta
ductus arteriosus | shunt due to high fetal pulmonary artery resistance
32
right to left shunt congenital diseases | 3
* persistent ductus arteriosus * transposition of great arteries * tetralogy of fallot
33
* early cyanosis "blue babies" * diagnosed prenatally or shortly after birth * require urgent surgical treatment
right to left shunt defects
34
* truncus arteriosus fails to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta * due to failure of aorticopulmonary septum formation
persistent truncus arteriosus
35
due to failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
transposition of great arteries
36
* due to anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum * most common causes of early childhood cyanosis
tetralogy of fallot
37
left to right shunt defects | 3
* ventricular septal defect * atrial septal defect * patent ductus arteriosus
38
* acyanotic at presentation * cyanosis may occur years later
left to right shunt defects
39
the heart first starts beating on
day 22 | week 4
40
what two changes occur in the heart/vessels at birth?
* septum primum pushes against the septum secundum (closing the foramen ovale) * ductus arteriosus closes
41
blood in the [chamber] is highly oxygenated in the fetus
right atrium
42
neural crest cells contribute to what structures? | 2
* conotruncal cushions * membranous portion of the IV septum
43
connects the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
ductus venosus
44
returns deoxygenated blood to the placenta
umbilical artery
45
[...] give rise to endothelial cells
angioblasts
46
what heart layer do the coronary arteries arise from
epicardium
47
inflow of early heart tube
sinus venosus
48
outflow of early heart tube
truncus arteriosus/aortic sac
49
the cardiogenic field is established in the splanchic mesoderm in response to what transcription factor?
NKX2.5
50
lower levels of retinoic acid near the **cranial** heart tube specify
outflow tract and ventricle segments
51
higher levels of retinoic acid near **caudal** heart tube specify
atrium and sinus venosus
52
abnormal levels of retinoic acid may lead to adverse effects on | 3
1. specification 2. anterior-posterior patterning 3. cardiac neural crest cell population
53
IV membranous septation is very closely linked to
outflow tract septation | aorticopulmonary septum
54
neural crest cells contribute to the [...] cushions
conotruncal | and membranous portion of IV septum
55
* "boot shaped heart" * decreased pulmonary vascular markings
tetralogy of fallot
56
right ventricular hypertrophy leads to broad upturned cardiac apex
tetralogy of fallot | boot shaped heart
57
what would you expect on EKG for tetralogy of fallot?
* tall R waves- RVH * prominent P waves - RA englargement * Right axis deviation
58
what would you expect on echo in tetralogy of fallot?
* VSD * overriding aorta * RVH * maybe pulmonary stenosis
59
VSD is in the [...] part of the IV septum
membranous
60
defining features of tetralogy of fallot
* pulmonary stenosis * overriding aorta * VSD * RVH | maybe patent ductus arteriosus as well
61
in TOF, pulmonary stenosis causes a [...] shunt
right to left
62
what can be given to keep the ductus arteriosus open?
prostaglandins
63
what things close the ductus arteriosus?
NSAIDs Endomethacin | prostaglandin antagonists
64
if the ductus arteriosus is closed prenatally, blood is directed from the RV...
to the high resistance, fluid filled lungs
65
why does the knee to chest position help with hypoxia? | 3
* increases systemic vascular resistance * decreases R to L shunt * pulmonary flow to lungs is increased
66
risk factors for TOF
* rubella * alcohol use * AMA * family hx * genetics * idiopathic
67
Right to left shunt defects | 3
* TOF * transposition of great arteries * patent truncus arteriosus
68
left to right shunt defects | 3
* ASD * VSD * patent ductus arteriosus
69
obstruction defects | 2
* coarctation of the aorta * valvular stenosis or atresia
70
early cyanosis
right to left defects
71
acyanotic at presentation
left to right defects
72
can result in left to right shunt disorders when pulmonary resistance approaches systemic levels and the shunt switches to right-to-left
eisenmenger syndrome
73
ductus arteriosus closes after birth and eventually forms
ligamentum arteriosum
74
the final growth of the IV septum is linked to
final septation of the truncus arteriosus
75
extensions of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions form the
IV septum
76
during the partitioning of the embryonic atrium into the right and left atria, two septa form three openings. List the order in which the septa and openings form.
1. foramen primum in the septa primum 2. foramen secundum in the septum primum 3. foramen ovale in the septum secundum
77
connects pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta
ductus arteriosus
78
connect right atrium to left atrium
foramen ovale
79
shunts a portion of left umbilical vein blood to the vena cave, bypassing portal circulation
ductus venosus
80
what two structures allow blood to bypass the lungs during fetal development?
foramen ovale ductus arteriosus
81
extensions of the [...] grow along the septum to close the foramen primum
endocardial cushions
82
partition the outflow tract
conotruncal ridges
83
4 defining features of TOF
Pulmonary artery stenosis Right ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aorta VSD | PROVe
84
due to abnormal spiraling during the septation of the truncus arteriosus
TGA
85
results from failure of fushion of the atrial septum primum and secundum
patent foramen ovale
86
boot shaped heart and decreased pulmonary vascular marking on CXR
TOF | signal RVH and pulmonary atresia
87
will prevent the ductus arteriosus from closing and reestablish ductal patency if its already closed
prostaglandin E1

CP Test 4 (15 decks)

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