B2.2 HL only

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

a cellular process that utilizes oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrient molecules, releasing energy in the form of ATP

Question 3

mitochondria

Answer 3

organelles, specifically in eukaryotic cells, that generate most of the cell’s energy

Question 4

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 4

the viscous, gel-like fluid found within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.It’s the site of several key processes, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation, which are crucial for energy production

Question 5

outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 5

a double phospholipid membrane that surrounds the entire mitochondrion, separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 6

inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 6

a highly specialized lipid bilayer within mitochondria that houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, crucial for cellular respiration and energy production

Question 7

cristae

Answer 7

folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.These folds increase the surface area of the inner membrane, allowing for more efficient ATP production

Question 8

inner-membrane space

Answer 8

the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 9

photosynthesis

Answer 9

the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water

Question 10

chloroplasts

Answer 10

specialized organelles found within plant and algae cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which sunlight is converted into chemical energy.These organelles contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures light energy

Question 11

chloroplast envelope

Answer 11

the double-membrane structure that surrounds a chloroplast, the organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells

Question 12

stroma

Answer 12

the fluid-filled space within a chloroplast, the organelle where photosynthesis occurs.It’s the site of the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using energy produced during the light-dependent reactions

Question 13

thylakoid membrane

Answer 13

a highly folded internal membrane system within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae, and is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 14

granum

Answer 14

a stack of flattened, disc-shaped structures called thylakoids found within the chloroplasts of plant cells and some algae

Question 15

nucleus

Answer 15

a membrane-bound organelle within eukaryotic cells that houses the cell’s genetic material, DNA, which is organized into chromosomes

Question 16

nuclear envelope

Answer 16

a double-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, separating its contents (the nucleoplasm) from the cytoplasm

Question 17

nucleoplasm

Answer 17

the gel-like substance within the nucleus of a cell, similar to cytoplasm but specifically located within the nuclear membrane

Question 18

chromatin

Answer 18

a complex of DNA and proteins, primarily histones, that makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 19

nucleolus

Answer 19

a structure found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.It’s primarily responsible for the production of ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis

Question 20

nuclear pore

Answer 20

a specialized, protein-lined channel within the nuclear envelope that facilitates the movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 21

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 21

a network of interconnected, flattened sacs and tubules within eukaryotic cells, distinguished by the presence of ribosomes on its outer surface, giving it a “rough” appearance

Question 22

lumen

Answer 22

the internal space or cavity within a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel, intestine, or cell organelle

Question 23

bound ribosome

Answer 23

a ribosome that is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the outer nuclear envelope.These ribosomes are involved in synthesizing proteins that are either destined to be incorporated into the ER membrane, packaged into other organelles, or secreted from the cell

Question 24

Ribosome

Answer 24

a complex molecular machine found in all living cells that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.It essentially acts as a workbench, translating the genetic information (RNA) into specific protein sequences

Question 25

small ribosomal subunit

Answer 25

one of the two subunits that make up a ribosome, the cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis

Question 26

large ribosomal subunit

Answer 26

one of the two subunits that make up a ribosome, the cellular machine responsible for protein synthesis. This subunit is larger and heavier than the small subunit, and its primary function is to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, linking them together into a polypeptide chain, which will eventually fold into a functional protein

Question 27

A-site

Answer 27

a crucial binding site involved in protein synthesis (translation). Specifically, it's where incoming aminoacyl-tRNA molecules, carrying a specific amino acid, bind to the ribosome

Question 28

P-site

Answer 28

a binding site on a ribosome where the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain is located during protein synthesis

Question 29

E-site

Answer 29

one of the three binding sites for tRNA (transfer RNA) within a ribosome. The E-site is where an uncharged tRNA, that has just delivered its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain, exits the ribosome before being released back into the cytoplasm

Question 30

Golgi apparatus

Answer 30

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

Question 31

secretory vesicle

Answer 31

a specialized membrane-bound sac that transports and releases substances from within a cell to the outside environment

Question 32

transport vesicle

Answer 32

a small, membrane-bound sac that carries molecules, like proteins and lipids, from one part of a cell to another

Question 33

lysosome

Answer 33

a small, membrane-bound organelle found in most animal cells that functions as the cell's "digestive" system

Question 34

peroxisome

Answer 34

a small, membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. They play a crucial role in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of harmful substances, including hydrogen peroxide

Question 35

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 35

a specialized process where cells selectively absorb specific molecules from their surroundings by using cell surface receptors. These receptors bind to specific ligands (molecules that fit the receptor), triggering the cell membrane to invaginate and form a vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex

Question 36

clathrin

Answer 36

a protein that forms a cage-like structure called a "triskelion". This structure is essential for the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles, which are small, membrane-bound compartments that transport molecules within cells, especially during receptor-mediated endocytosis