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24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > B2.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

B2.1 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipid membrane

A

have a complex composition, consisting of hundreds of different lipids and proteins, plus various steroids like cholesterol

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2
Q

phospholipids

A

a group of polar lipids that consist of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit and a phosphate group which is esterified to an organic molecule (X) such as choline, ethanolamine, inositol, etc

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3
Q

Hydrophilic head

A

the part which is water loving(having affinity towards water)

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4
Q

Hydrophobic tails

A

are ‘water-fearing’ and tend not to interact with water if possible

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5
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

an organic compound made of nothing more than carbons and hydrogens

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6
Q

polar

A

electrons are not shared evenly over the covalent bond and the atoms involved have small partial charges resulting in what are called dipoles

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7
Q

non-polar

A

molecules that do not have any electrical charges or partial charges

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8
Q

hydrophilic

A

one that is able to interact with water

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9
Q

hydrophobic

A

a property of molecules that do not mix with water

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10
Q

micelle

A

a collection of amphiphilic surfactant molecules that spontaneously aggregate in water in a concentration-dependent manner to produce a metastable aggregate

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11
Q

liposome

A

a tiny bubbled vesicle made up of similar material to a cell membrane and phospholipids

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12
Q

plasma membrane

A

amicroscopicmembrane oflipidsand proteins which forms the external boundary of thecytoplasmof a cell orenclosesavacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

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13
Q

extracellular fluid

A

body fluid that is not contained in cells

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14
Q

Semi-permeable membrane

A

thin biological sheets of material that allow certain molecules to pass through them more easily than others

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15
Q

Compartmentalization

A

the separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments with specific local conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes

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16
Q

electrical potential

A

the energy that is needed to move a charge against an electric field

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17
Q

signal transmission

A

the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior

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18
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.

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19
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

exists when there is a region of high concentration leading to a region of low concentration

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21
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

describes the main characteristics of the plasma membrane. First, the membrane is fluid with the molecules moving and the membrane itself being able to bend. It is called a mosaic because the membrane is made of multiple macromolecules pieced together like a tile mosaic

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22
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

proteins that attach to the cell membrane temporarily

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23
Q

Integral proteins

A

a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane

24
Q

anchorage

A

the process of providing attachment sites for cells within a scaffold in tissue engineering

25
Q

Amphipathic α-helix

A

An alpha helix with a specific topography consisting of opposite polar and non‐polar forces, and a regular charge distribution

26
Q

Transport proteins

A

proteins that move molecules across a membrane within a cell

27
Q

Passive transport

A

a type of cellular transportin which substances such as ions and molecules move down their respective concentration

28
Q

Channels

A

a transmembrane protein that moves substances without binding to them and without spending energy

29
Q

Carrier proteins

A

a membrane protein that moves solutes across the membrane by creating conformational changes in the protein

30
Q

Active transport

A

a process that is required to move molecules against a concentration gradient. The process requires energy

31
Q

Pumps

A

transmembrane proteins that actively move ions and/or solutes against a concentration or electrochemical gradient across biological membranes

32
Q

Receptor proteins

A

a special class of proteins that function by binding a specific ligand molecule

33
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

a specialized sensory receptorwhich transduces a chemical substance

34
Q

Hormone receptors

A

specialized proteins that bind to and interact with hormones to ultimately cause changes in target cells

35
Q

Sensory receptors

A

a nerve ending that sends signals to the central nervous system when stimulated

36
Q

Adhesion proteins

A

a subset of cell surface proteinsthat are involved in the binding of cells with other cells

37
Q

tight junctions

A

a type of cellular junction formed between adjacent epithelial cells or between adjacent epithelial cells

38
Q

Recognition proteins

A

markers that let immune system cells tell the difference between diseased and healthy cells depending on the presence or absence of specific recognition proteins

39
Q

Glycoproteins

A

polymer proteins that are covalently attached to carbohydrates

40
Q

oligosaccharide

A

carbohydrates that contain two or more than two monosaccharides (2-10 units of monosaccharides)

41
Q

Osmosis

A

the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

42
Q

hypotonic

A

a term used to describe something that has a lesser degree of tone, tension, or tonicity

43
Q

hypertonic

A

if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane

44
Q

isotonic

A

any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids

45
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the transport of substances across a biological membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a transport molecule

46
Q

Uniport

A

A transmembrane transport process in which only one species of substance moves across a membrane

47
Q

Symport

A

a membrane protein that facilitates the simultaneous transport of two distinct substances across the cell membrane

48
Q

Antiport

A

a process in which two different species of solutes or ions are pushed across a membrane in opposite directions

49
Q

Gated channel protein

A

a transport protein that opens a “gate,” allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane

50
Q

voltage gated channel protein

A

protein complexes that respond to changes in membrane potential with conformational changes that lead to gating, or opening and closing

51
Q

The sodium–potassium pump

A

an active transport pump that exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions

52
Q

secondary active transport

A

a form of active transport across a biological membrane in which a transporterproteincouples the movement of an ion (typically Na+or H+)downits electrochemical gradient to the uphill movement of another molecule or ionagainsta concentration/electrochemical gradient. Thus, energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion is used to drive the transport of another solute against a concentration or electrochemical gradient

53
Q

Glycolipids

A

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues

54
Q

Leukocytes

A

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue

55
Q

Davson-Danielli model

A

a model of the plasma membrane of a cell, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli. The model describes a phospholipid bilayer that lies between two layers ofglobular proteins, which is both trilaminar and lipoprotinious.

56
Q

Singer-Nicolson model

A

view of a cell membranethe solid bodies with stippled cut surfaces represent globular integral membrane proteins randomly distributed in the plane of the membrane

57
Q

freeze-fracture

A

physically breaking apart (fracturing) a frozen biological sample

24-26 IB Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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