B1.1 SL / HL

Question 1

biological molecules

Answer 1

any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms

Question 2

valence electrons

Answer 2

the electrons located at the outermost shell of an atom

Question 3

non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 3

Symmetrical molecules are nonpolar. Because nonpolar molecules share their charges evenly, they do not react to electrostatic charges like water does

Question 4

functional groups

Answer 4

a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule

Question 5

Monomers

Answer 5

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

Question 6

Polymers

Answer 6

large molecules composed of similar smaller molecules in a chain-like link

Question 7

Polymerization

Answer 7

any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer

Question 8

condensation reaction

Answer 8

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule. A small molecule, often water, is usually removed during a condensation reaction.

Question 9

Depolymerization

Answer 9

the process where a polymer breaks down into monomers

Question 10

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 10

the reaction that breaks down large, biological molecules. The reaction requires water and splits larger molecules into their smaller components.

Question 11

monosaccharides

Answer 11

the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.

Question 12

Pentoses

Answer 12

a 5-carbon sugar

Question 13

Ribose

Answer 13

five-carbon sugar found in RNA (ribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the RNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases

Question 14

Deoxyribose

Answer 14

a pentose (5-carbon sugar) biological molecule. Deoxyribose sugar, along with phosphate, makes up the sugar-phosphate backbone in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 15

nucleotides

Answer 15

the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Anucleotideconsists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA)

Question 16

Hexoses

Answer 16

a sugar containing six carbon atoms in a molecule.

Question 17

Glucose

Answer 17

A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms.

Question 18

Fructose

Answer 18

a simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose

Question 19

Galactose

Answer 19

a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose

Question 20

Oxidization

Answer 20

A biochemical reaction involving the transfer of a negatively charged electron from one organic compound to another organic compound or to oxygen

Question 21

disaccharide

Answer 21

the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined byglycosidic linkage.

Question 22

glycosidic bond

Answer 22

covalent chemical bonds that link ring-shaped sugar molecules to other molecules

Question 23

Maltose

Answer 23

a disaccharide, made up of two glucose subunits

Question 24

Sucrose

Answer 24

a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits

Question 25

Lactose

Answer 25

a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose

Question 26

Lactose intolerance

Answer 26

when your body can't break down or digest lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products. Lactose intolerance happens when your small intestine does not make enough of a digestive enzyme called lactase

Question 27

lactase

Answer 27

an enzyme that specifically breaks down lactose

Question 28

oligosaccharides

Answer 28

carbohydrates that contain two or more than two monosaccharides (2-10 units of monosaccharides)

Question 29

polysaccharides

Answer 29

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides

Question 30

1-4 linkage

Answer 30

a type of glycosidic bond formed between the first carbon of one monosaccharide and the fourth carbon of another monosaccharide

Question 31

1-6 linkage

Answer 31

a type of glycosidic bond formed between the first carbon of one monosaccharide and the sixth carbon of another monosaccharide

Question 32

Starch

Answer 32

a polysaccharide or complex carbohydrate that is made up of a chain of glucose molecules joined together in covalent bonds

Question 33

Amylose

Answer 33

a straight chain of glucose molecules that is used as an energy storage method for plants

Question 34

Amylopectin

Answer 34

a polysaccharide made up of many units of glucose linked together by linear 1-4 glycosidic linkages and 1-6 glycosidic linkages

Question 35

Glycogen

Answer 35

an extensively branched glucose polymer that animals use as an energy reserve

Question 36

osmolarity

Answer 36

the number of particles or the concentration of a particular solute or solutes per liter of solvent

Question 37

𝞪-glucose

Answer 37

Alpha glucose has the hydroxyl group on the same side as the CH₂OH group, making it less stable and more reactive

Question 38

𝞫-glucose

Answer 38

Beta glucose has the hydroxyl group on the opposite side as the CH₂OH group, making it more stable and less reactive

Question 39

cell wall

Answer 39

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.

Question 40

Cellulose

Answer 40

a molecule, consisting of hundreds – and sometimes even thousands – of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Question 41

microfibrils

Answer 41

a very fine fibril, or fiber-like strand, consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose

Question 42

Glycolipids

Answer 42

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond

Question 43

Glycoprotein

Answer 43

a type of conjugated protein with shorter, branched carbohydrate chains known as oligosaccharides

Question 44

cell-cell recognition

Answer 44

when two molecules restricted to the plasma membranes of different cells bind to each other, triggering a response for communication, cooperation, transport, defense, and/or growth

Question 45

Antigens

Answer 45

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance

Question 46

Blood type

Answer 46

a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 47

ABO gene

Answer 47

encodes proteins related to the first discovered blood group system

Question 48

Rhesus factor gene

Answer 48

an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell

Question 49

universal recipient

Answer 49

Individuals with blood group AB have no A or B antibodies in their serum and then can receive blood from individuals with blood groups A, B, or O

Question 50

universal donor

Answer 50

those with an O negative blood type

Question 51

Lipids

Answer 51

an essential component of a balanced diet. In the body, lipid molecules can be broken down to make smaller molecules of fatty acids and glycerol

Question 52

Fats

Answer 52

any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food

Question 53

Oils

Answer 53

a liquid which can be considered as a microemulsion of organic macromolecules stabilized in an aqueous solution of smaller organic molecules

Question 54

Waxes

Answer 54

a type of long chain nonpolar lipid. Natural waxes are typically esters of fatty acids and long chain alcohols. Waxes are synthesized by many animals and plants

Question 55

Steroids

Answer 55

Any of a group of lipids (fats) that have a certain chemical structure

Question 56

cholesterol

Answer 56

a waxy, fat-like substance that your body needs for good health, but in the right amounts

Question 57

Fatty acid chain

Answer 57

a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the other end

Question 58

hydrocarbon

Answer 58

any of a class of organic chemicals made up of only the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

Question 59

Glycerol

Answer 59

A sweet, syrupy liquid obtained from animal fats and oils or by the fermentation of glucose

Question 60

ester bonds

Answer 60

forms when a hydroxyl (-OH) group from the glycerol bonds with the carboxyl (-COOH) group of the fatty acid

Question 61

Triglyceride

Answer 61

imple lipid which constituted one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

Question 62

Phospholipid

Answer 62

major components of the plasma membrane, the outermost layer of animal cells. Like fats, they are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Unlike triglycerides, which have three fatty acids, phospholipids have two fatty acids that help form a diacylglycerol

Question 63

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 63

Fats that have single bonds along their fatty acid chains

Question 64

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 64

fat molecules that have one unsaturated carbon bond in the molecule

Question 65

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 65

fat molecules that have more than one unsaturated carbon bond in the molecule

Question 66

Cis double bond

Answer 66

Cis is the high energy configuration of the double bond; a cis bond forms with the two largest substituents on the same side of the double bond

Question 67

Trans double bond

Answer 67

have two groups on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 68

fat globules

Answer 68

individual pieces of intracellular fat in human cell biology

Question 69

Adipose tissue

Answer 69

a connective tissue, but it's also an interactive organ in your endocrine system

Question 70

insulator

Answer 70

provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic birds and mammals dry because of their water-repelling nature.

Question 71

endotherms

Answer 71

an animal that generates and controls its internal heat so that its body core temperature can be regulated at a level different than the ambient temperature

Question 72

Hydrophilic head

Answer 72

A phospholipid is unique in that it has a hydrophilic region called the head

Question 73

Hydrophobic tails

Answer 73

part of phospholipid molecules that make up cellular membranes. They are 'water-fearing' and tend not to interact with water if possible.

Question 74

Amphipathic

Answer 74

of or relating to a molecule that possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements, such as are found in detergents, or phospholipids of biological membranes.

Question 75

micelle

Answer 75

A tiny particle made of substances that are soluble in water and that come together to form a ball-like shape

Question 76

liposome

Answer 76

spherical and microscopic cells, made from one or more than one lipid bilayers comprising of single amphiphilic or different lipids (charged or neutral)

Question 77

Semi-permeable membrane

Answer 77

thin biological sheets of material that allow certain molecules to pass through them more easily than others

Question 78

Testosterone

Answer 78

A hormone made mainly in the testes (part of the male reproductive system). It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth

Question 79

(O)estradiol

Answer 79

an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone