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24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > A1.2 HL only > Flashcards

A1.2 HL only Flashcards

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1
Q

Leading strand

A

the strand of nascent DNA which is synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork

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2
Q

replication fork

A

the area where the replication of DNA will actually take place

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3
Q

Lagging strand

A

one of two strands of DNA found at the replication fork, or junction, in the double helix

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4
Q

template strand

A

the strand that is used during transcription to produce RNA

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5
Q

coding strand

A

the DNA strand whose base sequence is identical to the base sequence of the RNA transcript

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6
Q

ribosome

A

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

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7
Q

DNA polymerase II

A

enzyme in DNA replication that checks for mistakes and repairs them

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8
Q

euchromatin

A

the less tightly coiled DNA that allows transcription factors and chromatin remodelers access, enabling transcription to occur

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9
Q

Nucleosome

A

a section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins

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10
Q

heterochromatin

A

the highly coiled DNA that is no longer used in protein synthesis

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11
Q

Supercoil

A

a highly wound, wrapped, and condensed DNA strand

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12
Q

Chromosome

A

made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes

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13
Q

cell division

A

cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) beforedividing

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14
Q

histones

A

a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome

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15
Q

octamer

A

The complex of eight histone proteins

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16
Q

H1 histone protein

A

plays a dominant role in establishing the compaction state of an array ofnucleosomesas well as influencing the conformation

17
Q

transcription factors

A

a proteinthat controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA

18
Q

prophase

A

the first phase of mitosis where chromosomes form

19
Q

Naked DNA

A

DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or any other molecule to help protect it

20
Q

Thomas Morgan

A

biologist who discovered the inheritance pattern of genes located near each other on similar choromosomes

21
Q

Oswald Avery

A

biologist who discovered genes are made of DNA and its role in development

22
Q

Alfred Hershey

A

biologist who confirmed that DNA is the principle molecule in heredity

23
Q

Martha Chase

A

biologist who confirmed that DNA is the principle molecule in heredity

24
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells

25
Q

viral DNA

A

DNA viruses have DNA genomes that are replicated by either host or virally encoded DNA polymerases

26
Q

protein capsule

A

the protective structure surrounding viruses

27
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

An unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable

28
Q

isotope 32P

A

A radioactive form of the element phosphorus. It is used in the laboratory to label DNA and proteins.

29
Q

isotope 35S

A

the most stable radioactive isotope of sulfur, used in biochemical research to radioactively label proteins

30
Q

pellet

A

The sedimented portion that accumulates during centrifugation

31
Q

supernatant

A

The soluble liquid reaction of a sample after centrifugation

32
Q

X-ray crystallography

A

a scientific field concerned with revealing the structure of matter at the atomic level. The essential method involves exposing a crystallised sample of a molecule to x-rays, usually with an instrument called an x-ray camera

33
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

biologiest who discovered that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine

34
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

discovered the density of DNA and, more importantly, established that the molecule existed in a helical conformation. Her work to make clearer X-ray patterns of DNA molecules laid the foundation forJames Watsonand Francis Crick’s suggestion that DNA is a double-helix polymer in 1953

35
Q

James Watson

A

biophysicist who playeda crucial role in the discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

36
Q

Francis Crick

A

important theoretical molecular biologist and played a crucial role in research related to revealing the helical structure of DNA

24-26 IB Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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