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24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > A3.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

A3.1 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring; also the eigth taxa of groups in the classifcation of life; the second part of a scientific name

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2
Q

interbreed

A

the act of mixing different species or varieties of plants or animals to produce hybrids

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3
Q

fertile offspring

A

offspring that can grow up to reproduce and have their own offspring

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4
Q

organism

A

a living thing that has certain characteristics and functions; a member of a species population

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5
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time and can potentially interbreed

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6
Q

habitat

A

the natural environment of an organism, such as a plant, animal, or community of organisms, that provides everything they need to survive

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7
Q

community

A

a group of different species that live together in a shared location, or habitat, and interact with each other in a complex web of relationships

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8
Q

variation

A

the difference between cells, organisms, or groups of organisms of the same species

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9
Q

continuous variation

A

a type of phenotypic trait variation that occurs when a characteristic can change gradually over a range of values

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10
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical data that is countable, measurable, or based on numbers

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11
Q

discrete variation

A

a type of variation that has a finite number of phenotypes, or values, that fall into clear-cut categories with no overlap

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12
Q

qualitative data

A

non-numerical information that describes characteristics or qualities of something

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13
Q

nucleotides

A

the fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA

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14
Q

species diversity

A

the number of species and their relative abundance in a given area, such as a population, ecosystem, or the Earth

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15
Q

biomes

A

a distinct geographical area with a specific climate, vegetation, and animal life that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional climate

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16
Q

intraspeciific variation

A

the extent of genetic variation that exists within a species

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17
Q

mutations

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism’s cell

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18
Q

gene flow

A

the transfer of genetic material between populations, also known as gene migration

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19
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce sex cells, or gametes, such as eggs and sperm

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20
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells, or sex cells, that fuse during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexuall

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21
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

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22
Q

interspecific variation

A

the difference between individuals of different species

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23
Q

morphological species concept

A

a way of defining species based on their structural features, such as their body shape

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24
Q

convergent evolution

A

a biological process that occurs when organisms that are not closely related develop similar traits or behaviors in response to similar environmental pressures

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25
Carolus Linnaeus
a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy"
26
binomial nomenclature
a biological system for naming organisms using two terms, with the first term indicating the genus and the second indicating the species
27
taxa
the different classifications of living organisms
28
domain
the first and largest of all groups in the classification of life
29
kingdom
the second taxa of groups in the classification of life
30
phylum
the third taxa of groups in the classification of life
31
class
the forth taxa of groups in the classification of life
32
order
the fifth taxa of groups in the classification of life
33
family
the sixth taxa of groups in the classification of life
34
genus
the seventh taxa of groups in the classification of life; first part of a scientific name
35
taxonomy
the scientific study of naming, defining, and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships
36
classification
the process of organizing living and extinct organisms into groups based on their similar characteristics
37
scientific name
a unique name used to refer to a specific species made of the genus and species taxa
38
biological species concept
a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
39
reproductive isolation
when a species is unable to successfully breed with a related species due to barriers or differences that are geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic
40
post-zygotic isolation
a type of reproductive isolation that occurs when offspring are born from a male and female of different species after fertilization
41
isolation mechanism
a reproductive characteristic that prevents species from interbreeding and fusing
42
geographic isolation
when two populations of organisms are physically separated by geographical barriers, such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water
43
behavioral isolation
a biological process that prevents species from interbreeding due to differences in their behaviors
44
temporal isolation
a reproductive barrier that prevents closely related species from interbreeding due to differences in timing
45
hybrid
the offspring of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species, or genera that combine their qualities through sexual reproduction
46
divergence
the evolution of different structures or forms in related species as they adapt to different environments
47
chronospecies
a group of organisms that evolve into a later group of organisms that are considered a separate species
48
asexual reproduction
a type of reproduction in which a single parent organism produces offspring without the involvement of gametes or fertilization
49
cloning
the process of creating an exact genetic replica of an organism, cell, or tissue
50
budding
a type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from a bud or outgrowth of a parent organism
51
binary fission
a type of asexual reproduction in biology where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
52
speciation
the process by which new species are created when a group within a species separates and develops its own unique characteristics
53
sexual reproduction
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
54
zygote
a fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg or ovum) and a male gamete (sperm)
55
sex cells
cells that are involved in sexual reproduction
56
diploid
a cell, organism, or generation that has two complete sets of chromosomes in its nucleus
57
haploid
an organism, cell, or nucleus that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes
58
Evolution of chromosome #2
thought to have evolved from the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes in non-human primates; the theory that chromosome #2 in humans orginiated from the fusion of the eventual chromosomes #12 and #13 in chimpanzees
59
centromere
a constricted region of a chromosome that connects sister chromatids during cell division
60
banding pattern
a pattern of light and dark stripes that appear along the length of a chromosome after it has been stained with a dye and viewed under a microscope
61
telomeres
repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect the ends from degradation and ensure the integrity of chromosomes
62
karyogram
a diagram or photograph of a cell's chromosomes, arranged in pairs and by size, shape, and banding pattern
63
karyotype
the complete set of chromosomes in an organism's cells, including their size, shape, and number
64
metaphase
a stage of cell division, either mitosis or meiosis, where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
65
photomicrograph
a photograph of an image that is magnified and taken through a microscope or similar device
66
autosomes
chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes; chromosomes #1-22 in humans
67
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that contain genes that determine an individual's biological sex; chromosomes #23 in humans
68
genetic diversity
the range of genetic characteristics in a species' genetic makeup
69
genes
a unit of heredity that is made up of DNA and passed from parent to child
70
alleles
a variant of a gene's sequence of nucleotides at a specific location on a DNA molecule
71
genome
the complete set of DNA, or genetic material, in an organism
72
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
a DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) differs from the reference sequence
73
human genome project
an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003
74
bioinformatics
a scientific subdiscipline that uses computer technology to collect, store, analyze, and share biological data, such as DNA and amino acid sequences
75
mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)
a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that's found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
76
NCBI genome data bank
a database of publicly available DNA sequences and protein interpretations
77
phylogenetic trees
a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different organisms, species, or genes
78
personalized medicine
a medical practice that uses a patient's genetic profile to help guide decisions about preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease

24-26 IB Biology Year 1 (27 decks)

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