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24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > A1.2 SL / HL > Flashcards

A1.2 SL / HL Flashcards

1
Q

organic material

A

the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments

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2
Q

biological molecules

A

any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy

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4
Q

Lipids

A

fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble inpolar solvents such as water

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5
Q

Proteins

A

complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds

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6
Q

Nucleic acids

A

macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides

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7
Q

genetic information

A

The heritable biological information coded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA

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8
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning ofan organism

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9
Q

heredity

A

the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics aretransmitted from parents to their offspring

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10
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA

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11
Q

genes

A

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA and each chromosome contains many genes

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12
Q

gene expression

A

process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

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13
Q

Viruses

A

are microscopic organisms that can infect hosts

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14
Q

RNA-based viruses

A

a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material

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15
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme that converts RNA into DNA, commonly found in retroviruses like HIV

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16
Q

Polymer

A

large molecules composed of similar smaller molecules in a chain-like link

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17
Q

condensation reaction

A

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule

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18
Q

Monomer

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

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19
Q

Nucleotides

A

a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

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20
Q

phosphate group

A

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

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21
Q

pentose

A

any of various sugars containing five carbon atoms in a molecule

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22
Q

nitrogenous base

A

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base

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23
Q

Adenine (A)

A

nucleotide in DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine and uracil

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24
Q

Thymine (T)

A

nucleotide in DNA that pairs with adenine

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25
Cytosine (C)
nucleotide in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine
26
Guanine (G)
nucleotide in DNA and RNA that pairs with cytosine
27
Uracil (U)
nucleotide in RNA that pairs with adenine
28
Carbon counting
technique used to find specific carbon atoms in organic molecules
29
phosphodiester bonds
a covalent linkage between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the 3′ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar in an adjacent nucleotide
30
ds DNA
consists of two polynucleotide chains whose nitrogenous bases are connected by hydrogen bonds
31
anti-parallel
the strands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another
32
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene
33
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein
34
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells
35
purines
a double-ring base that pairs with pyrimidines; A and G bases
36
pyrimidines
a single-ring base that pairs with purines; C, U, and T bases
37
sequence
a single, continuous molecule of nucleic acid or protein
38
mutation
a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
39
clones
deliberate production of genetically identical individuals
40
identical twins
result from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, with the fertilized egg then splitting into two
41
5’à 3’ direction
direction that DNA is formed and read at new necleotides are added to the 3' end of the previous nucleotide
42
double helix
two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape
43
base pair
Two nitrogen-containing bases (or nucleotides) that pair together to form the structure of DNA
44
hydrogen bonds
The attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and another nearby electronegative atom
45
complementary base pairing
thymine pairs with adenine (T-A); guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
46
Replicate
to make a copy of genetic material
47
Transcribe
the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence
48
translate
the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
49
protein synthesis
the process that cells use to create proteins through transcription and translation
50
Prokaryotes
any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes
51
single-celled organisms
an organism that consists of a single cell
52
nucleoid
an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material
53
plasmids
a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms
54
cytoplasm
the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
55
Eukaryotes
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
56
nuclear envelope
a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
57
nucleus
the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes
58
mDNA
the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
59
nuclear pore
a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm+B60
60
Semi-conservative replication
during DNA replication, the two strands of nucleotides separate. Both strands then form the template for free nucleotides to bind to to create the two identical daughter strands
61
DNA polymerase III
the main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
62
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence
63
anti-sense strand
the non-coding DNA strand of a gene
64
sense strand
the segment within double-stranded DNA that carries the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction
65
codon
a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid
66
anti-codon
a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence
67
LUCA
the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated

24-26 IB Biology Year 1 (27 decks)

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