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24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > B2.1 HL only > Flashcards

B2.1 HL only Flashcards

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1
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

the property of the cell membrane that allows it to adapt its shape and movement to different conditions

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2
Q

cytokinesis

A

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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3
Q

viscosity

A

a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

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4
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

an organic compound made of nothing more than carbons and hydrogens

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5
Q

Saturated

A

if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain

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6
Q

double bond

A

A double bond occurs when two atoms share two sets of electrons

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7
Q

Unsaturated

A

a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain

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8
Q

intermolecular forces

A

the attractive and repulsive forces that arise between the molecules of a substance

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9
Q

Notothenioid fish

A

Thenotothenioid fishesof the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica are remarkable examples of organismal adaptation to extreme cold

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10
Q

Caribou

A

Large hoofed animals belonging to the deer family, caribou and reindeer are actually the same species

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11
Q

Cholesterol

A

a structural component of cell membranesand serves as a building block for synthesizing various steroid hormones, vitamin D

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12
Q

Bulk transport

A

a mode of transport of large quantities of materials and food particles across the membrane

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13
Q

Endocytosis

A

the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

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14
Q

Exocytosis

A

a process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell exterior

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15
Q

Pinocytosis

A

a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules

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16
Q

central vacuole

A

large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that act as a storage space for water and other molecules in the cell

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells

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18
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

are endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each otherthroughout the body

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20
Q

synapse

A

the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector)

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21
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

22
Q

homeostasis

A

any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stabilitywhile adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

23
Q

Neurotransmitter-gated / Ligand-gated

A

membrane proteins that mediate information transfer at synapses. Their function relies on the ability to respond very rapidly to the transient release of a neurotransmitter to produce a change in membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell

24
Q

Na+ voltage-gated channels

A

Voltage-gatedsodium channelsare transmembrane proteins that open when the membrane potential in their vicinity become depolarized

25
Q

resting potential

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

26
Q

depolarization

A

a process that shifts the electrical charge distribution so that the cell is less negatively charged compared to the environment

27
Q

K+ voltage-gated channels

A

transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell’s membrane potential. During action potentials, they play a crucial role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state

28
Q

repolarization

A

a stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the efflux of potassium (K+) ions along its electrochemical gradient

29
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

A

receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs such as the agonist nicotine

30
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells

31
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle

32
Q

muscle contraction

A

an increase in the tension or a decrease in the length of a muscle

33
Q

nicotine

A

a natural ingredient acting as a botanical insecticide in tobacco leaves

34
Q

ATP molecule

A

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

35
Q

hydrolyzed

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

36
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule. In biological systems, this reaction is vital for the cellular storage and transfer of free energy using energy carrier molecules

37
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors

38
Q

co-transporter

A

subcategory of membrane transport proteins (transporters) that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient

39
Q

Sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT)

A

large family of membrane proteins that transport glucose, amino acids, vitamins, osmolytes, and several ion species across the brush-border membrane of the intestinal epithelium andproximal renal tubulesthrough the use of the electro-chemical sodium gradient as the source of energy

40
Q

tubules

A

small tube or similar type of structure

41
Q

nephron

A

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

42
Q

filtrate

A

solution of nutrients and waste material removes from the blood in the kidneys

43
Q

emergent properties

A

characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system

44
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules (CAM)

A

a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion

45
Q

Desmosomes

A

a specialized structure of the cell membrane especially of an epithelial cell that serves as a zone of adhesion to anchor contiguous cells together

46
Q

Tight junctions

A

a type of cellular junction formed between adjacent epithelial cells or between adjacent epithelial cells

47
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells

48
Q

Cancer

A

a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues

49
Q

mutations

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

50
Q

metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

24-26 IB Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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