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24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > A1.1 SL / HL > Flashcards

A1.1 SL / HL Flashcards

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1
Q

water

A

a biological molecule that has many important functions that sustain life

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2
Q

universal solvent

A

a chemical substance that can dissolve most other substances

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3
Q

polar

A

electrons are not shared evenly over the covalent bond and the atoms involved have smallpartial chargesresulting in what are called dipoles

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4
Q

metabolite

A

a substance that is produced or used when the body breaks down food, drugs, chemicals, or its own tissue through a process called metabolism

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the process of chemical reactions that take place in an organism’s cells to produce energy and materials for growth, reproduction, and health

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6
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule, or polymer, while eliminating a small molecule, such as water

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7
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down biological molecules by using a water molecule to break chemical bonds

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8
Q

specific heat capacity

A

the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a substance by one unit of mass by one unit

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9
Q

temperature buffer

A

a substance that helps regulate temperature in living organisms and environments

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10
Q

cell membrane

A

a semipermeable lipid bilayer that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment+B12

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11
Q

phospholipid

A

a group of polar lipids that are the main component of cell membranes

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12
Q

lipid bilayer

A

a thin, flat membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules that surrounds all cells, the cell nucleus, and organelles

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13
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving” and refers to molecules that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it

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14
Q

hydrophobic

A

a physical property of molecules that repel water, or “water-hating”

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15
Q

macromolecules

A

large, complex, organic molecules that are essential to living organisms

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16
Q

DNA

A

a molecule in cells that contains genetic information that controls the development, function, growth, and reproduction of organisms and viruses

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17
Q

double helix

A

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

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18
Q

atoms

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains an element’s chemical properties

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19
Q

protons

A

subatomic particles with a positive charge that are found in the nucleus of every atom

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20
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged subatomic particles that are part of the nucleus of atoms, along with protons

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21
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged subatomic particles that can be found in all atoms and can either be bound to an atom or free

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22
Q

neutral

A

material that contains no net charge

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23
Q

ion

A

n atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge

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24
Q

covalent bonds

A

a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons to form electron pairs

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25
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons equally

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26
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share electrons unequally because one atom has a higher electronegativity than the other

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27
Q

ionic bonds

A

a type of chemical bond that occur when oppositely charged ions are electrostatically attracted to each other

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28
Q

cation

A

an ion with a positive charge that is formed when a metallic element loses one or more electrons

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29
Q

anion

A

an atom or group of atoms that has a negative electric charge

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30
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

electrostatic forces of attraction between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms in molecules

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31
Q

bent structure

A

a kind of molecular geometry in which the central atom has twolone pairsof electrons and is associated with two bond pairs

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32
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge across its geometry, resulting in one side being positive and the other side negative

33
Q

emergent properties

A

characteristics that arise when smaller parts of a system interact, but are not present in the individual parts

34
Q

cohesion

A

the attraction between molecules of the same type

35
Q

xylem tissue

A

a vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves

36
Q

lignin

A

a complex organic polymer that’s a major component of plant cell walls and a key structural material in the support tissues of most plants

37
Q

cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

a model that explains how water moves up vascular plants. It’s based on the idea that water molecules stick together through cohesion and adhesion, which creates enough tensile strength to lift water to the top of a tree without breaking

38
Q

transpiration

A

the process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates into the atmosphere through its leaves, stems, and flowers

39
Q

cohesive force

A

the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance

40
Q

surface tension

A

a property of liquids that causes their surfaces to shrink to the smallest possible area

41
Q

adhesion

A

the attraction between different types of molecules or the ability of a substance to stick to something else

42
Q

hydroxyl groups

A

functional groups that consist of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, written as either -OH or HO-

43
Q

glucose

A

a type of sugar that is the primary energy source for living organisms

44
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide, or long chain of sugar units, that is a key component of plant cell walls

45
Q

polymer

A

a large molecule made up of many smaller molecules, called monomers, that are linked together in a chain-like manner

46
Q

cell wall

A

a rigid, nonliving layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a cell and provides structural support, shape, and protection

47
Q

natural fibers

A

raw materials that are not man-made or synthetic, and can be obtained from plants, animals, or minerals

48
Q

capillary action

A

the movement of a liquid through a narrow space or along another material, against gravity or other external forces

49
Q

meniscus

A

the curve that forms when water sticks to the inside of a glass or other container

50
Q

soil particles

A

the structure of soil and are made up of tiny particles of rock, dead plants and animals, air, and water

51
Q

solvent

A

a substance that dissolves other substances, called solutes, to create a solution

52
Q

solute

A

a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent to create a solution

53
Q

solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

54
Q

solvation

A

the process of a solute (molecular species) dissolving into a solvent (molecular species) to form a liquid phase

55
Q

insoluble

A

something cannot be dissolved into a liquid

56
Q

cytosol

A

a dense, concentrated fluid that’s found inside cells and is part of the cytoplasm

57
Q

medium

A

a solid, liquid, or semi-solid substance that supports the growth of cells or microorganisms

58
Q

catabolic reactions

A

a part of the metabolic process that break down large, complex molecules into smaller molecules to produce energy

59
Q

anabolic reactions

A

metabolic pathways that use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones

60
Q

vascular plants

A

those varieties of plants that have special vascular tissue in them. The two types of vascular tissue,phloem, and xylem are behind the movement of water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis

61
Q

phloem

A

a vascular tissue in plants that transports organic materials, such as amino acids and sugars, from the leaves to the rest of the plant

62
Q

source to sink

A

a theoretical model that describes how habitat quality can affect the growth or decline of organisms

63
Q

blood plasma

A

the liquid component of blood that gives it its base.It’s a clear, yellowish, or straw-colored fluid that makes up 55% of blood’s volume.Plasma is made up of 90% water and 10% molecules

64
Q

antibodies

A

proteins produced by the immune system to protect the body from harmful substances called antigens

65
Q

urea

A

a chemical waste product and the primary solid component of mammalian urine that’s formed when protein breaks down in the liver

66
Q

lipids

A

fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble inpolar solvents such as water

67
Q

lipoproteins

A

complex particles that transport lipids and cholesterol through the bloodstream to cells throughout the body

68
Q

physical properties

A

a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition

69
Q

chemical properties

A

characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured after a chemical change

70
Q

buoyancy

A

the tendency of an object to float or rise when submerged in a fluid, such as a liquid or gas

71
Q

viscosity

A

a fluid’s resistance to flow, or its internal friction when moving+B72

72
Q

thermal conductivity

A

a material’s ability to conduct heat, or move heat from one location to another without the material itself moving

73
Q

insulator

A

a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound

74
Q

4.181 kJ kg-1 K-1

A

specific heat capacity of water

75
Q

Ringed seal

A

the smallest seal species and are the most common seals in the Arctic

76
Q

streamline

A

a shape that reduces friction drag between an object and a fluid, such as air or water, as the object moves through the fluid

77
Q

blubber

A

a thick layer of fat, or adipose tissue, that covers the bodies of marine mammals, such as whales, seals, and walruses

78
Q

black throated loon

A

a migratory aquatic bird that lives in the northern hemisphere

24-26 IB Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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