B2 - Cloning, Transplantation + Stem Cells Flashcards
What is a clone?
An organism that is genetically identical to the parent
Why is natural cloning a useful process for an organism?
It allows them to colonise a habitat quickly
What are the two types of plant cloning? How do they work?
Cuttings - A leaf is extracted from the plant, it is then dipped in root powder then given optimum living conditions so it can grow successfully.
Tissue Culture - A section of tissue is extracted from a plant leaf. The tissue cells separate via mitosis, the cell wall is extracted and placed in Agar gel which allows them to grow. The cells divide again via mitosis then are placed in a pot and given optimum living conditions.
Compare the difference between the two types of plant cloning…
Cuttings is much cheaper, simpler and quicker whereas tissue culture is not cheap, simple or quick but it allows thousands of clones to be made at a time.
Describe nuclear transfer (cloning of mammals)…
Sheep A ( Source of Diploid Body Cell ) Sheep B ( Source of Haploid Egg Cell )
1) - The Diploid Body Cell is extracted from Sheep A and placed in a Petri Dish.
2) - The Haploid Egg Cell is then extracted from sheep B and as the Nucleus is Not Needed, it is Disposed of.
3) - The Empty Haploid Egg Cell is then placed in a Petri Dish with the Diploid Body Cell.
4) - An Electric Current is then passed through the Petri Dish which Fuses the two cells together.
5) - This new Cell then Divides via Mitosis to form an Embryo.
6) - The Embryo is then placed into the Surrogate sheep in order to reproduce via Meiosis and allow the cells to Differentiate and Specialize.
What does In Vitro mean?
Outside the body
What does In Vivo mean?
Inside the body
How does Embryo Transplantation take place?
- Two organisms are chosen with very desirable characteristics. These two organisms would be 1 male and 1 female, both having suitable characteristics.
The male and female would fuse their gametes to form a diploid zygote which would divide via mitosis to form an embryo. Many of these Genetically Identical embryos would be made that would be placed into the surrogate sheep in order for reproduction.
What is a Stem Cell?
A cell that has the ability to differentiate and form various types of cells and tissues.
What are the two types of stem cells that humans have?
Adult stem cells - in bone marrow - produce blood cells
Embryonic stem cells - come from an embryo
