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GCSE Biology > B16 Reproduction > Flashcards

B16 Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

How many parents in sexual reproduction?

A

2

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2
Q

How many parents in asexual reproduction?

A

1

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3
Q

How do cells divide in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

How do cells divide in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

Offspring from sexual reproduction

A

Non identical
Genetically different to parents

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6
Q

Offspring from asexual reproduction

A

Genetically identical to parents
(CLONES)

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7
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Produces variation

Offspring can adapt to environmental changes by natural selection

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8
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Only 1 parent needed
Time and energy efficient
Faster
Successful traits passed on

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9
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Slower
Finding a mate is more time consuming

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10
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Reduced genetic variation

May have a survival disadvantage if environment changes

Harmful mutations would be passed on

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11
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that produces 4 daughter cells, each with a single set of chromosomes

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12
Q

How many daughter cells are produced from meiosis?

A

4

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13
Q

Gamete

A

Specialised sex cell formed by meiosis

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14
Q

Chromosome

A

Long molecule found in the nucleus of cells made from DNA

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15
Q

Gene

A

Part of a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

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16
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

e.g AA and aa

17
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele only needs one copy to be expressed

18
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele needs two copies to be expressed

19
Q

Homozygous

A

When an individual caries two copies of the same allele for a trait

20
Q

Heterozygous

A

When an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait

21
Q

Genotype

A

Combination if alleles an individual has

22
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of the genotype - the characteristic shown

23
Q

What is the genome of an organism?

A

The entire genetic material of that organism

24
Q

What forms DNA?

A

DNA is a polymer made from 4 different nucleotides

25
Q

What is a nucleotide made from?

A

A phosphate
A sugar
Base A, C, G or T

26
Q

Name the complementary DNA base strands?

A

C = G
T = A

27
Q

How many bases are needed to code for one particular amino acid?

A

3

28
Q

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?

A

Translation
Transcription

29
Q

Transcription Protein Synthesis

A

The DNA code for a protein
remains in the nucleus
, during transcription but a copy, called mRNA, moves from the nucleus to the
ribosome where proteins are synthesized

30
Q

Translation Protein Synthesis

A

The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes.

31
Q

Polydactyly

A

Condition where one has extra fingers or toes

Dominant allele

32
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Disorder of cell membranes

Recessive allele

33
Q

Where in the cells are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

34
Q

How many chromosomes do normal human body cells have?

A

46

35
Q

Female sex chromosomes

A

XX

36
Q

Male sex chromosomes

A

XY

GCSE Biology (20 decks)

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