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GCSE Biology > B14 Hormonal coordination > Flashcards

B14 Hormonal coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a negative feedback system

A

Negative feedback systems work to maintain a
steady state

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2
Q

what is Thyroxine

A

Controls basal metabolic rate in body

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3
Q

where is Thyroxine produced

A

Thyroid gland

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4
Q

what does the Thyroid gland use to produce Thyroxine

A

uses iodine

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5
Q

which organ monitors blood sugar levels

A

pancreas

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6
Q

what is insulin

A

hormone that reduces blood sugar concentration

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7
Q

what is glucagon

A

hormone that increases blood sugar concentration

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8
Q

what is type 1 diabetes caused by

A

genetics

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9
Q

what is type 2 diabetes caused by

A

obesity
lack of exercise

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10
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas doesn’t make
enough or any insulin

Glucose high in blood so
kidneys filter it out

Lose weight as the body breaks down
protein and fat for energy

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11
Q

what could happen if type 1 diabetes wasn’t controlled

A

coma / death

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12
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

Pancreas makes less insulin

Cells stop responding to
insulin

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13
Q

what could happen if type 2 diabetes wasn’t controlled

A

coma / death

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14
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver and muscles

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15
Q

How do insulin and glucagon move around the body?

A

Through the blood

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16
Q

How can you test for diabetes?
and what results would it show

A

urine using Benedict’s solution

turn from blue to orange if there is glucose in the urine.

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17
Q

what is glycogen

A

stored carbohydrates in liver and muscles

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18
Q

what is glucose

A

blood sugar

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19
Q

why does urine not contain any protein or glucose?

A

glucose is reabsorbed in the kidney back to the bloodstream

protein is not filtered therefore stays in the body

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20
Q

What are the human body’s two communication systems?

A

Endocrine system
Nervous system

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21
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

Glands

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22
Q

Name 6 glands that secrete hormones

A

Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal Gland
Ovary
Testes

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23
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

‘MASTER GLAND’
~ Secrete hormones into the blood to either have an effect on the body or to prompt other glands to produce hormones

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24
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

Secretes thyroxine
Controls metabolic rate, heart rate and body temperature

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the hormone thyroxine?

A

Controls how much energy your body uses, oxygen use, brain growth

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26
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Secretes adrenaline
Involved in ‘fight or flight’ situations

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27
Q

What does the ovary secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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28
Q

What is oestrogen involved in?

A

Menstruation
Puberty

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29
Q

Where is testosterone secreted?

A

Testes

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30
Q

What is testosterone involved in?

A

Puberty

31
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

-increases heart rate
-boost delivery of oxygen
and glucose to brain and
muscles to prepare for
‘fight or flight’

32
Q

How does IVF Treatment work?

A

mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs

eggs collected from mother and are fertilised in a lab

eggs develop in to embryos

one or two eggs are inserted in to the mothers uterus when embryos are still a tiny ball of cells

33
Q

What is the purpose of hormones in plants?

A

To coordinate and control their growth and their responses to light and gravity

34
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Orientation and growth of plants in response to light

35
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Growth of plants in response to gravity

36
Q

What are plant hormones used in?

A

Used in agriculture and horticulture to control the growth of desirable plants and crops

37
Q

What is the function of AUXIN?

A

Plant growth regulator

  • Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots
38
Q

What is the agricultural use of AUXIN?

A

-Weedkiller
-Rooting powder
-Promoting growth in
tissue cultures

39
Q

What is the function of ethene?
(plants)

A

Acts as a hormone to control cell division

40
Q

What is the agricultural use of ethene?

A

Control ripening of fruit during storage and transport
(e.g bananas)

41
Q

What is the function of gibberellins?

A

Regulates developmental processes

e.g initiating seed germination

42
Q

What is the agricultural use of gibberellins?

A

End seed dormancy
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size

43
Q

Describe the process of kidney dialysis

A

Blood temporarily removed from patients body

Filtered through a dialysis machine

Patients blood is passed over dialysis fluid

Dialysis fluid has no urea, so urea and waste products diffuse in to the fluid

Blood is then returned in to the body

44
Q

Which hormone controls water level in the blood

A

ADH

ADH, affects the amount if water absorbed by the kidney tubules

45
Q

Why is the ammonia produced from excess amino acids converted in to urea?

A

Ammonia is very toxic

46
Q

What is urea made out of?

A

Excess/ worn out protein

47
Q

Where is urea produced?

A

Liver

48
Q

What is in the blood going in to the kidneys?

A

RBC
Urea
Mineral salts
Glucose
Water
Large proteins

49
Q

What is in urine?

A

Waste urea
Excess mineral ions
Excess water
Urobilin

50
Q

What is urobilin made up from?

A

Breakdown in the haemoglobin in the liver

51
Q

What happens if the water conc. in blood is too high?

A

~Pituitary gland releases less ADH
~Kidney tubules reabsorb less water
~Lots of urine is produced

52
Q

What happens if the water conc. in blood is too low?

A

~Pituitary gland releases more ADH
~Kidney tubules reabsorb more water
~Little urine is produced

53
Q

What can lead to kidney failure?

A

Genetic
Build up of toxins
Damaged by other means

54
Q

What are the advantages of dialysis?

A

~No problem with tissue matching
~Machines are usually available

55
Q

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

A

~Has to happen at least twice a week for the
rest of life
~Expensive long term

56
Q

Why must a person take immunosuppressants after having an organ transplant?

A

Otherwise the immune system will recognise that the organ is ‘foreign’ and will attempt to reject it

57
Q

Why must body temperature be maintained?

A

To keep enzymes at an optimum temperature
Homeostasis

58
Q

What can change body temperature?

A

Illness
Environment
Metabolism
Exercise
‘Fat’ around your body
Blood Loss

59
Q

Why do we sweat when we get too hot?

A

As the sweat evaporates from the skin there is an increased energy transfer away from the body

Evaporation causes cooling

60
Q

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

A

Move muscle fibres = respiration = heat

61
Q

What causes shivering?

A

Skeletal muscles contract rapidly
(when we are cold)

62
Q

where is FSH secreted

A

P. Gland

63
Q

what is the role of FSH

A

-causes egg to mature in ovaries
-stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen

64
Q

where is oestrogen secreted and made

A

made and secreted in ovaries

65
Q

what is the role of oestrogen

A

causes lining of uterus to develop in preparation for pregnancy

66
Q

what do high levels of oestrogen do?

A

inhibits release of FSH
stimulates release of LH

67
Q

what is LH

A

luteinising hormone

68
Q

where is LH secreted

A

P. Gland

69
Q

what is the role of LH

A

stimulates the release of egg
(ovulation)

70
Q

where is progesterone secreted

A

secreted by empty egg follicle

71
Q

what is the role of progesterone

A

maintains lining of uterus in the second half of the cycle

inhibits release of FSH and LH

72
Q

when do progesterone levels fall

A

when uterus lining sheds and period starts

73
Q

what are the methods of hormonal contraception?

A

-oral contraceptives
(birth control)
-implant
-an injection
-skin patch

74
Q

state the disadvantages of IVF

A

emotionally and physically stressful

low success rate

can lead to risky multiple births

GCSE Biology (20 decks)

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