B14 Hormonal coordination Flashcards by miryana boos

what is a negative feedback system

Negative feedback systems work to maintain a
steady state

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what is Thyroxine

Controls basal metabolic rate in body

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where is Thyroxine produced

Thyroid gland

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what does the Thyroid gland use to produce Thyroxine

uses iodine

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which organ monitors blood sugar levels

pancreas

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what is insulin

hormone that reduces blood sugar concentration

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what is glucagon

hormone that increases blood sugar concentration

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what is type 1 diabetes caused by

genetics

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what is type 2 diabetes caused by

obesity
lack of exercise

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type 1 diabetes

Pancreas doesn’t make
enough or any insulin

Glucose high in blood so
kidneys filter it out

Lose weight as the body breaks down
protein and fat for energy

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what could happen if type 1 diabetes wasn’t controlled

coma / death

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type 2 diabetes

Pancreas makes less insulin

Cells stop responding to
insulin

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what could happen if type 2 diabetes wasn’t controlled

coma / death

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where is glycogen stored

liver and muscles

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How do insulin and glucagon move around the body?

Through the blood

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How can you test for diabetes?
and what results would it show

urine using Benedict’s solution

turn from blue to orange if there is glucose in the urine.

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what is glycogen

stored carbohydrates in liver and muscles

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what is glucose

blood sugar

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why does urine not contain any protein or glucose?

glucose is reabsorbed in the kidney back to the bloodstream

protein is not filtered therefore stays in the body

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What are the human body’s two communication systems?

Endocrine system
Nervous system

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What makes up the endocrine system?

Glands

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Name 6 glands that secrete hormones

Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal Gland
Ovary
Testes

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What does the pituitary gland do?

‘MASTER GLAND’
~ Secrete hormones into the blood to either have an effect on the body or to prompt other glands to produce hormones

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What does the thyroid do?

Secretes thyroxine
Controls metabolic rate, heart rate and body temperature

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What is the purpose of the hormone thyroxine?

Controls how much energy your body uses, oxygen use, brain growth

What does the adrenal gland do?

Secretes adrenaline Involved in ‘fight or flight’ situations

What does the ovary secrete?

Oestrogen

What is oestrogen involved in?

Menstruation Puberty

Where is testosterone secreted?

Testes

What is testosterone involved in?

Puberty

What does adrenaline do?

-increases heart rate -boost delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles to prepare for ‘fight or flight’

How does IVF Treatment work?

mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs eggs collected from mother and are fertilised in a lab eggs develop in to embryos one or two eggs are inserted in to the mothers uterus when embryos are still a tiny ball of cells

What is the purpose of hormones in plants?

To coordinate and control their growth and their responses to light and gravity

What is phototropism?

Orientation and growth of plants in response to light

What is geotropism?

Growth of plants in response to gravity

What are plant hormones used in?

Used in agriculture and horticulture to control the growth of desirable plants and crops

What is the function of AUXIN?

Plant growth regulator - Unequal distributions of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots and shoots

What is the agricultural use of AUXIN?

-Weedkiller -Rooting powder -Promoting growth in tissue cultures

What is the function of ethene? (plants)

Acts as a hormone to control cell division

What is the agricultural use of ethene?

Control ripening of fruit during storage and transport (e.g bananas)

What is the function of gibberellins?

Regulates developmental processes e.g initiating seed germination

What is the agricultural use of gibberellins?

End seed dormancy Promote flowering Increase fruit size

Describe the process of kidney dialysis

Blood temporarily removed from patients body Filtered through a dialysis machine Patients blood is passed over dialysis fluid Dialysis fluid has no urea, so urea and waste products diffuse in to the fluid Blood is then returned in to the body

Which hormone controls water level in the blood

ADH ADH, affects the amount if water absorbed by the kidney tubules

Why is the ammonia produced from excess amino acids converted in to urea?

Ammonia is very toxic

What is urea made out of?

Excess/ worn out protein

Where is urea produced?

Liver

What is in the blood going in to the kidneys?

RBC Urea Mineral salts Glucose Water Large proteins

What is in urine?

Waste urea Excess mineral ions Excess water Urobilin

What is urobilin made up from?

Breakdown in the haemoglobin in the liver

What happens if the water conc. in blood is too high?

~Pituitary gland releases less ADH ~Kidney tubules reabsorb less water ~Lots of urine is produced

What happens if the water conc. in blood is too low?

~Pituitary gland releases more ADH ~Kidney tubules reabsorb more water ~Little urine is produced

What can lead to kidney failure?

Genetic Build up of toxins Damaged by other means

What are the advantages of dialysis?

~No problem with tissue matching ~Machines are usually available

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

~Has to happen at least twice a week for the rest of life ~Expensive long term

Why must a person take immunosuppressants after having an organ transplant?

Otherwise the immune system will recognise that the organ is ‘foreign’ and will attempt to reject it

Why must body temperature be maintained?

To keep enzymes at an optimum temperature Homeostasis

What can change body temperature?

Illness Environment Metabolism Exercise ‘Fat’ around your body Blood Loss

Why do we sweat when we get too hot?

As the sweat evaporates from the skin there is an increased energy transfer away from the body Evaporation causes cooling

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

Move muscle fibres = respiration = heat

What causes shivering?

Skeletal muscles contract rapidly (when we are cold)

where is FSH secreted

P. Gland

what is the role of FSH

-causes egg to mature in ovaries -stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen

where is oestrogen secreted and made

made and secreted in ovaries

what is the role of oestrogen

causes lining of uterus to develop in preparation for pregnancy

what do high levels of oestrogen do?

inhibits release of FSH stimulates release of LH

what is LH

luteinising hormone

where is LH secreted

P. Gland

what is the role of LH

stimulates the release of egg (ovulation)

where is progesterone secreted

secreted by empty egg follicle

what is the role of progesterone

maintains lining of uterus in the second half of the cycle inhibits release of FSH and LH

when do progesterone levels fall

when uterus lining sheds and period starts

what are the methods of hormonal contraception?

-oral contraceptives (birth control) -implant -an injection -skin patch

state the disadvantages of IVF

emotionally and physically stressful low success rate can lead to risky multiple births