B12 and choline

Question 1

natural form of B12

Answer 1

cobalamin

Question 2

synthetic form of B12

Answer 2

cyanocobalamin

Question 3

coenzyme in propionyl CoA–>succinyl CoA

Answer 3

5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Question 4

R=___ which is a protein that protects B12 from HCl and pepsin

Answer 4

haptocorrins

Question 5

haptocorrins are found in ____

Answer 5

saliva and gastric juice

Question 6

Ileum has ____ receptor

Answer 6

B12-IF

Question 7

IF-B12 complex can be absorbed by ___ process called ____ which is __% efficient

Answer 7

active; endocytosis; 50

Question 8

if no IF, only ___ absorption of about __% possible

Answer 8

passive; 1

Question 9

B12 is transported in plasma attached to ____

Answer 9

transcobalamin II

Question 10

what is unusual about B12 that makes it diff from other B vitamins?

Answer 10

stored in liver (which is secreted in bile)

Question 11

hyperhomocysteinemia contributes to:

Answer 11

heart disease, poor cognition, cancer

Question 12

unique symptom of B12 deficiency

Answer 12

neuropathy (nerve damage)

Question 13

no IF is known as _____ anemia

Answer 13

pernicious (can’t absorb B12 properly)

Question 14

neuropathy may be associated with build up of ___

Answer 14

methylmalonic acid (MMA)

Question 15

reasons for secondary deficiency for B12

Answer 15

1) low stomach acid 2) pancreatic insufficiency

3) ileum resection 4) No IF

Question 16

tests of status for B12 deficiency unique to B12?

Answer 16

v serum B12, ^MMA

Question 17

food sources of B12?

Answer 17

microbial synth (meat, eggs, dairy), contaminated soil/water with manure (inadvertent), our own large intestine (but we can’t use)

Question 18

absorption efficiency of B12?

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

turnover of B12 about ____mcg/day

Answer 19

1

Question 20

B12 can be given as _____ strips

Answer 20

sub-lingual

Question 21

choline important for metabol of _____

Answer 21

methyl groups

Question 22

choline is converted to ___ to be methyl donor (form in liver)

Answer 22

betaine

Question 23

dietary choline found in foods as ____ choline, also called ____

Answer 23

phosphatidyl choline; lecithin

Question 24

AI for choline set to prevent ___

Answer 24

liver damage

Question 25

in deficiency of choline, see rise in _____ in blood

Answer 25

alanine aminotransferase

Question 26

supplemental form of choline:

Answer 26

choline chloride

Question 27

choline has ___ charge and ____ methyl groups

Answer 27

positive; 3

Question 28

choline made from de novo synth from ____

Answer 28

serine

Question 29

betaine is also called ___

Answer 29

trimethylglycine (TMG)

Question 30

betaines found in ___

Answer 30

beets

Question 31

can make phosphatidyl choline from ____

Answer 31

phosphatidyl ethanolamine

Question 32

basis for setting UL?

Answer 32

prevent hypotension, fishy body odor, nausea