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Unit 3 Anatomy & Physiology > B11 - Function And Disorders Of The Reproductive Sytem > Flashcards

B11 - Function And Disorders Of The Reproductive Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functions of the Ovaries?

A

Ovulation - produce and release eggs once a month

Hormone production - produces hormones (oestrogen and progesterone).

Oestrogen - controls the menstrual cycle and is responsible for characteristics like breast development

Progesterone - prepares the lining of the uterus for a fertilised egg to implant and grow

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2
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

Transportation - provide a pathway for eggs released from the ovaries to travel towards the uterus - where fertilisation happens if the sperm is present

Site of fertilisation - the fallopian tubes are where sperm can meet an egg, if sperm fertilises the egg it forms zygote (fertilised egg) and moves towards the uterus for implantation

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3
Q

What is the function of uterus?

A

Muscle contraction - these contraction help push the baby out of the uterus into the birth canal

Menstrual cycle - if fertilisation doesn’t occur the uterus sheds its lining which causes menstruation and prepares the uterus for a future pregnancy - causing a period

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4
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Passage for menstrual blood - allows menstrual blood to flow from the uterus into the vagina during a period

Gateway for sperm - during sex the cervix produces mucus that can help sperm travel through the cervix and into the uterus increasing fertilisation chance

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5
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Birth canal - during childbirth the baby passes through the vagina from the uterus

Reception of sperm - during sex sperm is deposited in the vagina allowing it to travel through the cervix and into the uterus for fertilisation

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6
Q

What is the function of the vulva?

A

Menstrual flow exit - provides an opening for menstrual blood to leave the body

Regulation of urine - the vulva includes the urethra opening which is where urine exist the body

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7
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Sexual reproduction - deliveries sperm into the vagina during sex allowing fertilisation

Urination - allows for urine to exit the body through the urethra

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8
Q

What is the function of scrotum?

A

Temperature regulation - maintains the right environment which is imporyant for sperm production - needs a lower temperature than the rest of the body. The scrotum contacts when it too cold and relaxed when too warm

Protection - provides physical protection for the testicles

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9
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Hormone secretion - secretes testosterone which is important for the growth of facial and body hair, deepening the voice and increased muscle mass

Sperm production - process is regulated by testosterone. When ejaculated, sperm travels through the vast deferents and mix with seminal fluid to form semena

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10
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens

A
  • contracts to allow sperm to move forward during ejaculate
  • transports millions of sperm during ejaculation
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11
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles

A

Making seminal fluid - they produce seminal fluid which mixes with the work from the testicles to make semen

Nourishing semen - the fluid from the vesicles contain important nutrients e.g. sugar that give energy to sperm which help helps them survive longer

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12
Q

What is the function of the prostrate gland?

A

Produces prostatic fluid - secretes an alkaline fluid that makes up a significant portion of semen this provides a suitable ph environment for sperm

Protects sperm - the prostatic fluid contains enzymes that support and provide energy to sperm

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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A

This is when a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells which allows growth, repair and maintenance of the body’s cells

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14
Q

What is meiosis?

A

This is the cell division in the testes of men and ovaries of women which creates egg and sperm cells

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15
Q

What are egg and sperm cells called?

A

Gametes

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16
Q

How many chromosomes do each sperm and egg cells have?

A

23 pairs each

17
Q

How many chromosomes does a fertilised egg have in total?

A

46

18
Q

What are the 6 stages of conception to birth?

A
  1. The cells from each parent that combine to form zygote (fertilised egg) are called gametes (sex cells)
  2. The sperm and egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosome each
  3. The sperm cells travel from the penis to the egg cell via the vagina and cervix. The sperm have a tail to help them swim and have a lot of mitochondria to give them energy. The head of the sperm contains enzymes which digest the egg membrane.
  4. The egg contains a large food store to support the developing zygote until it can feed from the placenta
  5. The joining of the egg and sperm is called fertilisation and now the zygote will begin to develop with 46 chromosomes
  6. After 10-14 days, it will become an embryo
19
Q

What are the 6 factors that can effect prenatal development?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Mothers health
  3. Mothers age
  4. Diet in pregnancy
  5. Smoking in pregnancy
  6. Alcohol in pregnancy
20
Q

How do genetics positively/negatively affect prenatal development?

A
  • Down’s syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome
  • Inherited diseases like sickle cell and cystic fibrosis
  • Genetics influence growth, physical traits and susceptibility to certain conditions
  • Healthy genes set off a healthy life
21
Q

How does Mother’s Health positively/negatively affect prenatal development?

A
  • Essential nutrients supports foetal growth
  • Avoiding smoking, alcohol and drugs reduces risks of complications
  • Moderate Exercise can promote healthy weight gain and reduce stress
  • Lack of nutrition can lead to low birth weight and development issues
  • Use of drugs or alcohol during pregnancy can effect foetal development
22
Q

How does Mothers Age negatively effect prenatal development?

A
  • Mothers over 35 have a higher increased risk of pregnancy complications, miscarriage
  • Young mothers have an increased risk of foetal growth restriction, low birth weight and premature birth
23
Q

How does Diet in pregnancy positively/negatively effect prenatal development?

A
  • A balanced diet with fruits and vegetables supports foetal growth and development
  • Essential vitamins can promote healthy brain development
  • Proper hydration supports overall health
  • High intake of sugar and fat increases risk of diabetes and obesity
  • Consuming unsafe foods can lead to infections which may harm foetal development
24
Q

How does Smoking in pregnancy negatively effect prenatal development?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Premature birth
  • Cognitive and behavioural problems for baby
  • Increased risk of stillbirth
25
Q

How does Alcohol in pregnancy negatively effect prenatal development?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Physical and cognitive development
  • Higher chance of miscarriage and still birth
  • Slow foetal growth
26
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

This occurs during the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy when there is an incomplete closing of the spine so, the baby is born with part of the spinal cord exposed on the back

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Spina Bifida?

A
  • Problems with moving
  • Bladder and bowl problems
  • Weakness or total paralysis of the legs
  • Child is unable to feel hot or cold which can lead to accidental injury
28
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy?

A

A lifelong condition that affects movement and coordination which is caused by a problem with the brain that developed during or soon after birth

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  • Not obvious after baby is born
  • Delays in reaching development milestones
  • Weakness arms or legs
  • Walking on tiptoes
  • Shaking hands
30
Q

What is Rubella in pregnancy?

A

This is when the mum gets the infection which then effects the foetus. Rubella is a rare illness that causes a spotty rash, sneezing and coughing can spread this

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Rubella?

A
  • Red or pink spotty rash
  • Lumps in neck or behind your arms
  • If foetus gets rubella in first trimester, baby will likely be born with many problems - eye problems, hearing problems and heart damage
  • If foetus gets rubella between second or third trimester, problems are usually milder
32
Q

Between what Months and Weeks do the 5 developments stages take place in the first trimester of pregnancy ? and state the developments that take place:

A
  • 1- 3 months
  • 1- 13 weeks
  1. As the fertilised egg grows, the amniotic sac develops which helps protect the embryo through pregnancy (1M,1-4 wks)
  2. The placenta develops which transfers nutrients from the mother to baby and transfers waste from the baby (2Ms,5-8wks)
  3. The baby’s body structure and organ systems develop (2Ms,5 - 8wks)
  4. Miscarriages and birth defects can happen during this time (2Ms, 5 - 8wks)
  5. Many women experience symptoms like nausea, fatigue,breast tenderness and frequent urination (3Ms,9 - 13wks)
33
Q

Between what Months and Weeks do the 4 developments stages take place in the second trimester of pregnancy? and state the developments that take place:

A
  • 4 - 6 months
  • 14 - 26 weeks
  1. The body will grow to be in proportion (4Ms,14 - 17 wks)
  2. The baby’s gender is known and facial features also develop rapidly (5Ms,14 - 17wks)
  3. The baby has developed and functioning organs, nerves and muscles (6Ms,22 - 26wks)
  4. Skeletal bones are also developing (6Ms,22 - 26wks)
34
Q

Between what Months and Weeks do the 4 development stages take place in the third trimester of pregnancy? and state the developments that take place:

A
  • 7 - 9 months
  • 27 - 40 weeks
  1. Most internal systems are well developed (7Ms,27 - 30wks)
  2. The lungs mature towards the end of the pregnancy (7Ms,27 - 30wks)
  3. The skeleton is fully developed although bones continue to harden (8Ms,31 - 35wks)
  4. Towards end of this stage, baby’s head descends into the mothers pelvis ready for birth (9Ms, 36 - 40wks)

Unit 3 Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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